Managing Emerging Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Managing Emerging Technologies - Essay Example ERP systems data mining options help the research and development ‎department, marketing department, customer relations department and public relations department. ‎This results in high customer satisfaction level but also help to increase the profitability of the ‎organization. But with the introduction of this ERP systems there are number of challenges which ‎come as a curse to the organization. An organization needs to counter all these challenge to get the ‎most out of this technology (Leon, 2007). It is crucial to understand that what is innovative in this ERP ‎system. Is this just a myth or it really works? If an idea is not workable then it is not ‎innovation. Ideas come to mind frequently but making those ideas work for the betterment of ‎organizations is innovation in real sense (Denning, 2004). If an employee find ways to give better customer service but ‎his finding are just a research and not workable in real environment than the idea worth nothing. ‎ There are various things which an organization has to keep in mind in order to generate innovative ‎ideas and let those ideas work for them for a longer period of time. ‎First of all the organization should be aware of all technological enhancements and updates in the ‎industry and relevant environment. In case of ERP system our organization has strategically analyzed different ‎opportunities which can be availed and also the problems which we have to encounter. ‎ The other important thing is focus and persistence. Once the opportunities are identified and they are ‎tested in different environment and situations the organization may stay firm on its decision. ‎Organization needs to focus on their target and avoid all kind of distractions and opposition. Every ‎good idea is opposed initially. Organization must concentrate on implementation of ideas. Once the ‎idea is triggered and start benefiting the people will

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International Law - Essay Example The threat does not come from a charging cavalry but from a small group of individuals, specifically armed civilians, clandestinely operating to undermine an entire country or its economy. There is no declaration of war. The enemy simply launches an attack from within where majority of the casualties are innocent civilians. This is the era of unconventional warfare. Unlike war and belligerency which are governed by specific set of rules under the United Nations conventions and treaties, there exist no specific rules in international law that apply to unconventional conflicts.1 Unlike terrorists, the community of nations adheres to laws that govern the conduct of war, including but not limited to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, the Hague Conventions, and the 1977 Protocols to the Geneva Conventions. These basic laws are then complemented and supplemented by the human rights conventions and treaties. The absence of specific rules that apply to unconventional conflicts like terrorism gi ve rise to the debate as to whether or not unconventional conflicts can be legally regulated without conferring legal rights to terrorists. I submit to resolve the issue at hand in the negative. No, unconventional conflicts cannot be legally regulated without conferring legal rights to terrorists. ... Rumsfeld. The court ruled that Hamdan is entitled to the rights set forth in the common Article 3 of the four Geneva Conventions.2 In particular, these conventions are: first, the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field; second, the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea; third, the Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War; and fourth, the Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.3 While the first three conventions govern the conduct of war between armed combatants and all those directly involved in the armed conflict, the last convention provides regulations as to how these combatants should conduct themselves with regard to unarmed civilians.4 The Geneva Conventions specifically declared under Article 2 thereof that â€Å"the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them. The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance.† Moreover it bears stressing that the conventions also provide in Article 3 thereof that, â€Å"Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any

Accidental Death of an Anarchist Essay Example for Free

Accidental Death of an Anarchist Essay Q) Critically analyze the Figure of Madman in Dario Fo’s play The Accidental Death of an anarchist. A) Dario Fo’s play The Accidental Death of an Anarchist (1970) lies in the category of revolutionary theatre that challenges the fascist regime of Italy. The play is a farce based on events involving a real person, Giuseppe Pinelli, who fell or was thrown from the fourth floor window of a Milan police station in 1969. He was accused of bombing a bank. The accusation is widely seen as part of the Italian Far Rights strategy of tension. Just like Fo’s other play, this play is also funny and subversive and shows a strong preference for the culture and traditions of the ordinary people and a commitment to the left wing politics. The play moves quickly through a series of farcical situations and exposes the hypocrisy and anti- people character of the bourgeois society and the so called sacred institutions- the police, the judiciary, the religion and the media. The play was originally written and performed in Italian in 1970 and first English translation was done in 1979. Central to the play is the character of The Madman, who is the prime protagonist of the play. Through the story of the madman in a police station Dario Fo has a created a classic example of exquisitely political theatre with a comedy that begins from being realistic, (the stage setting is of a realistic, ordinary police station) moves towards the frankly implausible (the madman, the inspector, the superintendent and the constable singing the song of anarchists in the police station), reaches to the level of grotesque (the constant punching and kicking of Bertozzo by the police officials, and the falling eye) until it ends with a hilarious and ludicrous climax. He (the madman) invents dialogue based on a paradoxical or on real situation and goes on from there by virtue of some kind of natural, geometric logic, inventing conflicts that find their solutions in one gag after another in correspondence with a parallel political theme, a political theme which is clear and didactic. You are moved and you laugh but above all you are made to think, realize and develop your understanding of everyday events that had escaped your attention. Franca Rame on The Character of Madman in Accidental Death of an anarchist The madman is not just a character in the play, but he acts as a literary device in the play. He provides most of the humor content of the play. The madman is whimsical and he constantly contradicts other characters as well as himself. His series of logical/illogical arguments becomes impossible to tackle and it frustrates the Police Department. Even though being termed as psychologically unfit, the madman appears to be the most intelligent character in the play. He ridicules the police officials for missing out on the basic concepts of English grammar and the use of the most important â€Å"COMMA† that changes the meaning of a sentence. He dictates the terms of law and judiciary to police officials. He is extremely sarcastic. He ridicules the superintendent for assuming the railway man planted the bomb in railway station without any substantiate evidence and sarcastically rebukes the â€Å"kindergarten logic†. The people in power appear to be inhuman and brute in their actions, and the â€Å"sacred† governmental place, the police station appears to be a madhouse or a slaughterhouse. The madman, even though he is mad appears to be the sanest character in the play. In fact, he appears to be directing the play according to his wishes. Suffering from a disease of enacting people, he sees the world as a stage and other people as his fellow characters. He warns Bertozzo that soon he is about to be punched by Pisani and warns him to duck. Bertozzo ignores the directorial warning of the madman. Later he tells the superintendent to stop playing around and â€Å"keep to the script†. The actions of the play move around as the madman says and everyone does what he asks them to. Bertozzo, who defies the madman’s instructions, keeps on getting punched and thrown out. Hence, Fo, in his play, takes the power out from the hands of the police, the judiciary, and the media and gives it to the representative of the lower section of society, the madman. By pretending to be, in turn to be various figures of authority – psychiatrist, professor, magistrate, bishop, forensic expert – the Maniac forces officials to re-create the events with the purpose of showing the inconsistencies in the official reports of Pinelli’s â€Å"leap† and to confess their responsibility in the anarchist’s death. The madman manages to create mayhem within the policeman, representatives of law and order and figures of authority are made to appear ridiculous and a target of laughter. He exposes how people in power are all in collusion to save their own. Now I am about to show some of the theatre/TV productions of the play and give brief comments on how the character of madman operates in them. Firstly, take a look at the 1983 British TV movie that was telecasted on Channel 4. In this production, the original Italian setting is mixed with contemporary references to Thatchers Britain. 1) In the beginning itself, various impersonations of the madman are shown pointing towards the crime committed by him. 2) The madman constantly points towards the audience that is standing upwards, and the crew, and chats with them. And he talks to the director about the censorship laws on television in Britain, when the inspector says The â€Å"F† word. (5 minutes 30 seconds). 3) In the play, not only the madman enacts different roles, but the same constable is used on the 2nd floor and the fifth floor and also as a liftman. The madman here is concerned with anti materialist sentiment as well. The madman remarks about the fact low budget of the show saying, â€Å"Couldn’t they get a different actor to play you? Who’s directing this thing, Ian MacGregor?† (17 minutes) and the Maniac, â€Å"This is commercial television in crisis!† Similarly, in The IIT production of the play, which is performed in India, in Hindi, the references are converted according to Indian settings and sentiments. 1) The University of Padua is converted into University of Patiala. The madman teaches the Hindi vowels to the constable and the policeman. (4:30) (A aa e ee) 2) The police inspector in the 6th minute of the play says to the madman that he’s madder than the madman. As I said above the madman appears to be the sanest of characters in the play. My fair Heathen Productions in their September 2007 production actually used a woman for the role of the madman. Hence the madman is enacting as a madman from the beginning and in fact is a mad woman. This does not bring a significant change to the play, except probably the so called marginalized figure of a madman, becomes a more marginalized figure as in this production it’s a woman, who comes to a male dominated domain and creates havoc in the lives of the men from powerful sections of the society. Hence, different theatre companies have used different types of madman to heighten the message of the play.

Audit Planning And Risk Assessment Accounting Essay

Audit Planning And Risk Assessment Accounting Essay Chapter 6 [LO1] The audit plan documents detailed information about audit procedures to be performed on the engagement. T [LO2] Scaling the audit refers to fitting the audit work into the proper context in terms of the engagements size, environment, and complexity. T [LO2] Statutory audits are required on all integrated audits performed in accordance with international accounting standards. F [LO2] An audit plan will be the same regardless of whether the client company outsources its financial activities to a service provider or conducts the activities in house. F [LO3] Materiality is a measure of magnitude; yet, it is affected by both quantitative and qualitative factors. T [LO3] Materiality is first set at the account balance level and is then aggregated to the financial statement level. F [LO4] The components of the fraud triangle include incentive, opportunity, and rationalization. T [LO5] A client companys new or modified accounting information system requires more audit effort to understand the new system and assess its design and operating effectiveness. T [LO5] An audit strategy will focus on going concern issues for a client company operating in an industry which has experienced a recent market downturn. T [LO6] Computers are the primary resources used on an audit. F [LO6] A highly effective audit would have all of its testing performed at an interim Øلن¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¤Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒËœÃ‚ © date. F [LO7] An IT specialist may be used to inspect systems documentation and perform other procedures for an audit engagement when the client company uses new, emerging technology. T [LO7] Preliminary time budget information is compared to actual time worked and is used for purposes of billing, performance evaluation, and future bidding. T [LO8] Auditors test the operating effectiveness of those controls that are intended to prevent and detect material misstatements. T [LO8] Tracing refers to looking at the supporting documentation for a recorded number. F [App.A] A principal auditor may share responsibility for an audit opinion when another auditor performs all of the audit procedures for subsidiary of the client company. T [App.A] For accounts that involve significant estimates, require a high degree of judgment, or are susceptible to management override of controls, a principal auditor may completely rely on the work of others in determining whether those accounts are materially misstated. F Multiple Choice [LO1] Planning is a continuous process that must occur throughout the audit engagement because (a) disconfirming information is likely to arise. (b) the audit committee is likely to point out flaws in the original audit plan. (c) all information affecting the audit occurs concurrently. (d) auditor skill levels are continuously fluctuating. A [LO1] Development of the audit strategy includes all of the following activities except (e) specifying the work that has to be performed. (f) specifying the timing of the work to be performed. (g) documenting an audit planning memorandum. (h) defining initial estimates of audit risk and materiality. C Risk assessment points the auditor to the important areas of the clients operations and financial statements in order to (i) understand important areas of the clients operations and financial statements. (j) identify potential problems. (k) determine what needs to be accomplished during the audit. (l) all of the above D LO1,2] Which of the following is not a consideration for an auditor while scaling the audit? (m) The client company has multiple locations throughout the region. (n) Another firm is responsible for auditing one of the clients out-of-town subsidiaries. (o) An outside service provider prepares all of the client companys payroll accounting records. (p) The client company plans to hire and develop employees so that it can prepare its payroll accounting records in-house within the next two years. D [LO2] An experienced audit team will begin planning the audit before it knows all the specific information about a particular client company because (q) experienced auditors know the general framework of what needs to be done on any audit. (r) auditors experienced in the clients industry understand the activities and risks of the industry, which gives them an understanding of the important financial statement accounts and ICFR areas. (s) auditors experienced with this client company have already gained quite a bit of information from the client acceptance or continuance processes. (t) all of the above D [LO2] Scaling the audit refers to (u) weighing the risks associated with the clients susceptibility Ù‚ØØ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © to fraud. (v) preparing evidence for an outside service provider. (w)fitting the audit work to the specific characteristics of the client. (x) delivering products or services as contracted in the engagement letter. C [LO2] Deliverables refers to the (y) timing of the auditors acceptance of the client company. (z) products and services as contracted in the engagement letter. (aa)degree of correlation between the audit work to the specific characteristics of the client. (bb)auditors experience in the clients industry. B [LO2] The scope of the engagement depends upon all of the following considerations except the (cc) presentation of the clients accounting information. (dd) use and importance of IT to the clients activities and ICFR. (ee) ability to use audit evidence performed by the clients internal auditors. (ff) timing of the clients fiscal year-end. D [LO2] The scope of an audit teams work will be more extensive (gg) for a first year audit engagement as opposed to a continuing audit. (hh) when internal auditors perform work to be used as evidence by the external auditors. (ii) when a user companys auditor relies upon a report provided by an auditor of the service provider. (jj) for a company with effective entity-level controls. A [LO3] An internal control that is ineffective to the extent that it might not prevent the financial statements from being materially misstated is referred to as a (kk) significant risk (ll) substantive error (mm) material weakness (nn) tolerable misstatement C [LO3] Which of the following would not be an appropriate benchmark Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¬ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ © to use in setting financial statement-level materiality? (oo) a percentage of total revenue (pp) a percentage of total assets (qq) a percentage of current liabilities (rr) a percentage of profit from continuing operations C [LO3] The materiality threshold Ø ¹ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ © for each account balance or class of transactions is called (ss) tolerable Ù†¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃ‚ © misstatement (tt) material assertion Ø ªÃƒËœÃ‚ £Ãƒâ„¢Ã†â€™Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ (uu) substantive rule of thumb (vv) account deficiency A [LO3] For purposes of an integrated audit, materiality is assessed within the context of users who have (ww) appropriate knowledge of business and economic activities (xx) an understanding that financial statements are prepared and audited to levels of materiality (yy) the ability to make appropriate economic decisions on the basis of information in the financial statements (zz) all of the above D [LO4] Which of the following is not an area of interest for anti-fraud controls? (aaa) journal entries and adjustments made in the end-of-period financial reporting process (bbb) related party transactions (ccc) auditor credentials وؠ«ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ¦Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ØلؠªÃƒâ„¢Ã‚ Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶ (ddd) significant management estimates C [LO4] An example of an incentive/pressure for fraudulent financial reporting risk factor is (eee) a threat to the client companys financial stability caused by rapid growth compared to that of other companies in the same industry. (fff) significant operations located across international borders in jurisdictions where differing business environments exist. (ggg) inadequate job applicant screening processes for employees with access to cash. (hhh) ineffective communication of the companys ethical standards by management. A [LO4] An example of an opportunity for misappropriation ØØ ®ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ³ of assets risk factor is (iii) compensation ØلؠªÃƒËœÃ‚ ¹Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶ inconsistent Ø ºÃƒâ„¢Ã…  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ± Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ³Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ÃƒËœÃ‚ © with expectations. (jjj) lack of complete and timely reconciliations of assets. (kkk) managements practice of committing to creditors to achieve unrealistic forecasts. (lll) known history of violations of laws and regulations. B [LO5] Significant developments within the client that affect audit strategy include: (mmm) A change in ownership and/or capital structure has occurred. (nnn) Acquisitions or discontinued operations have recently occurred. (ooo) The accounting information systems have been modified. (ppp) All of the above D [LO5] Significant developments in the clients external environment that affect audit strategy include: (qqq) Industry competition has increased. (rrr) Acquisitions or discontinued operations have recently occurred. (sss) A change in ownership and/or capital structure has occurred. (ttt) All of the above A [LO5] Going concern issues may arise when: (uuu) Acquisitions or discontinued operations have recently occurred. (vvv) The accounting information systems have been modified. (www) The economy has negatively impacted the client company. (xxx) Changes in applicable accounting standards affect the client company. C [LO5] When audit clients acquire new, more sophisticated IT systems, (yyy) The audit strategy will not be impacted as long as the duties of accounting personnel are primarily unchanged. (zzz) Auditors with advanced IT knowledge may need to be added to the audit team. (aaaa) The design of internal controls will be considered ineffective until those new controls have been tested. (bbbb) The timing of the auditors procedures for reviewing interim financial statements will be accelerated. B [LO5] One of the first procedures performed by auditors during on-location audit work is the (cccc) Development of the firms audit strategy. (dddd) Preparation of the audit report. (eeee) Design of the audit plan. (ffff) Establishment of an understanding of the companys ICFR systems. D [LO5] Auditors may obtain information about a client company during other engagements conducted for the client such as (gggg) audits of a subsidiary or other related party entity. (hhhh) reviews of quarterly financial statements filed with the SEC. (iiii) examinations of information included in a registration statement. (jjjj) All of the above D [LO6] Which of the following would not be likely to participate in an audit planning meeting? (kkkk) The core audit engagement team. (llll) The audit teams tax manager (mmmm) The audit teams partner for IT (nnnn) The chair of the clients audit committee. D [LO6] Which of the following items are included in the audit planning meeting? (oooo) brainstorming about fraud risks (pppp) establishing responsibility for preparing the financial statements (qqqq) establishing responsibility for monitoring of internal controls (rrrr) preparing the engagement letter. A [LO6] Which of the following items would an audit engagement partner likely communicate with the members of his or her audit team during a planning meeting? (ssss) Responsibility for notifying appropriate individuals of any significant issues or difficulties encountered during the audit. (tttt) Identification of the type of audit report to be issued. (uuuu) The need to complete the quarterly review before communicating with any tax professionals assigned to the audit engagement. (vvvv) Responsibility for notifying the audit committee and internal auditors of the firms specific audit approach. [LO6] The audit planning meeting must (wwww) take place before the client acceptance decision is made. (xxxx) be attended by the entire core engagement team and the predecessor auditors. (yyyy) establish an understanding among the members of the audit team about the objectives of the audit. (zzzz) prepare the internal auditors for the work they will be asked to perform to supplement the auditors procedures. C [LO6] The document that presents all of the issues discussed as part of audit strategy is the (aaaaa) engagement letter (bbbbb) quarterly financial statements (ccccc) audit planning memo (ddddd) risk assessment memo C [LO6] Which of the following items in not typically documented in an audit planning memo? (eeeee) audit engagement objectives and deliverables (fffff) the auditors understanding of ICFR and IT systems (ggggg) planned use of the work of others during the audit (hhhhh) results of the quarterly review process D [LO6] What is the primary resource used on an audit engagement? (iiiii) the clients IT systems (jjjjj) the auditors IT systems (kkkkk) human resources of the audit firm (lllll) the clients internal auditors C [LO6] To properly instruct and review the work of audit team members, the supervising auditor must: (mmmmm) keep abreast of accounting and audit issues and manage differences of opinion among team members regarding audit findings. (nnnnn) obtain instruction from the chair of the audit committee regarding the objectives of the audit engagement. (ooooo) communicate with the predecessor auditor regarding differences of opinion regarding prior year audit findings. (ppppp) all of the above A [LO6] It is important for auditors to be on-location on the last day of the clients fiscal year when the client (qqqqq) operates a restaurant that does a considerable amount of business on New Years Eve. (rrrrr) has significant inventory activities such that the receipts and shipments of inventories at year-end should be observed. (sssss) relies upon electronic verification to indicate the timing of transactions. (ttttt) refuses to pay overtime rates for the audit team during its busy season. [LO6] Which of the following is not a valid reason for the performance of audit procedures at an interim date? (uuuuu) More time is available for management to correct problems identified by interim audit testing. (vvvvv) The client company does not retain the records that are needed as audit evidence through the year-end time frame. (wwwww) Most controls and transactions cannot be audited during busy season. (xxxxx) More time is available for the auditors to concentrate on problem areas, if needed. [LO6] If audit tests are performed at an interim date, supplemental audit evidence: (yyyyy) is not necessary because the same controls are assumed to be in place that resulted in the balances tested during interim. (zzzzz) is still needed regarding the account balances between the interim testing date and the end of the fiscal year. (aaaaaa) is obtained from the predecessor auditor, when needed to corroborate any changes in the clients ICFR systems. (bbbbbb) is the responsibility of the audit committee, as it would be inefficient for the auditors to focus on a single audit area during multiple time periods. [LO6] When audit tests are performed at an interim date, the auditor must (cccccc) obtain a letter from management to confirm the continued performance of internal controls and accuracy of the year-end balances. (dddddd) perform roll forward audit procedures to determine whether a control continued to perform the same way through year-end. (eeeeee) reconcile account balances tested at an interim date with the year-end balances in the same accounts. (ffffff) Both (b) and (c) [LO7] Which of the following is an example of a specialist who might assist an audit engagement team on a high-risk audit area? (gggggg) actuary (hhhhhh) banker (iiiiii) internal auditor (jjjjjj) tax accountant [LO7] An IT specialist may be involved in an audit engagement to assist with any of the following except (kkkkkk) inspecting systems documentation. (llllll) inquiring of company personnel about how the processes are carried out and how IT controls are designed. (mmmmmm) preparing the IT planning memo. (nnnnnn) planning the tests of IT controls. [LO7] Which of the following is not a relevant consideration in deciding whether an IT specialist is needed: (oooooo) the client companys capital structure (pppppp) the complexity of IT controls and systems (qqqqqq) the use of emerging technologies (rrrrrr) the use of data by multiple systems or processes [LO7] Audit firms use time budgets for (ssssss) indicating the amount of time expected for the various levels of auditors for each audit area. (tttttt) tracking and reporting time spent on each audit area. (uuuuuu) billing and bidding and future engagements. (vvvvvv) All of the above. [LO7] Time budgets are typically (wwwwww) approved by the audit committee (xxxxxx) detailed by areas of the audit (yyyyyy) signed by the predecessor auditor (zzzzzz) All of the above. [LO8] Auditors test the operating effectiveness of internal controls only if they (aaaaaaa) are effectively designed to prevent or detect material misstatements. (bbbbbbb) address multiple risk factors. (ccccccc) are applied in conjunction with other controls to address a single risk factor. (ddddddd) cause susceptibility to material misstatements. [LO8] Substantive audit procedures are performed so that the auditor may identify (eeeeeee) deficiencies in the design or operating effectiveness of internal controls. (fffffff) weaknesses in the effectiveness of the client companys audit committee. (ggggggg) material misstatements in the client companys financial statements. (hhhhhhh) Calculations and controls that mitigate the risk of fraud. [LO7] Which of the following is not a form of audit evidence? (iiiiiii) recalculation (jjjjjjj) reperformance (kkkkkkk) repetition (lllllll) inquiry [LO7] ICFR tests to provide evidence on whether the controls can be relied upon for the financial statement audit can be performed (mmmmmmm) only during year-end because they must be performed at the same time as financial statement audit procedures. (nnnnnnn) only during interim because they must be performed at the same time as financial statement audit procedures. (ooooooo) at any time the evidence is available, as long as the entire period of reliance is evaluated. (ppppppp) at any time after the substantive procedures have been completed, so that the opinion on financial statement misstatements is not superceded by the opinion on the effectiveness of controls. [LO8] Sufficient evidence may be provided without examining all of the transactions in an account balance is the auditor uses well-designed (qqqqqqq) sampling approaches (rrrrrrr) internal control procedures (sssssss) inspection techniques (ttttttt) assertions related to the fair presentation of account balances. [LO8] The nature, timing, and extent of audit needed audit tests will depend upon the answers to each of the following questions except TYPO / Grammar suggest deleting highlighted words (uuuuuuu) How could a material misstatement happen? (vvvvvvv) What internal controls has the client implemented to address potential misstatements? (wwwwwww) How might internal controls fail such that a material misstatement occurs? (xxxxxxx) How many times have material misstatements been undetected? [LO8] When inquiry, observation, and inspection are all used to trace a transaction as it is initiated, authorized, processed, and recorded, the process is called a(n) (yyyyyyy) inspection (zzzzzzz) walkthrough (aaaaaaaa) assertion (bbbbbbbb) analytical procedure [LO8] If an audit program calls for the auditor to interview the client about an important control activity, this is an example of which type of audit procedure? (cccccccc) reperformance (dddddddd) tracing (eeeeeeee) inspection (ffffffff) inquiry [App] Which of the following is not a form of evidence obtained through the auditors direct personal knowledge? (gggggggg) observation (hhhhhhhh) reperformance (iiiiiiii) inquiry (jjjjjjjj) inspection [App] A principal auditor may share responsibility for an audit opinion with (kkkkkkkk) another independent auditor who has performed a significant portion of the audit work. (llllllll) the clients internal audit staff, if they provide significant assistance to the audit team. (mmmmmmmm) a specialist who provides expert advice on the valuation of inventory. (nnnnnnnn) an attorney who provides expert advice on a pending legal matter. [App] Which of the following is not an indicator of competence that is relevant to an auditors evaluation of other individuals performing a portion of the audit work? (oooooooo) professional certification (pppppppp) professional experience (qqqqqqqq) level of education (rrrrrrrr) access to the board of directors [App] If internal auditors provide direct assistance to the external audit team, the independent external auditor must (ssssssss) reperform all of the work provided by the internal auditors. (tttttttt) supervise and evaluate the work performed by the internal auditors. (uuuuuuuu) refuse to issue an audit opinion, due to a lack of independence. (vvvvvvvv) indicate a division of responsibility in the performance of the audit. Matching [LO3] Following are the planning steps involved in considering materiality in a top-down approach to planning for tests of controls. Number the items in from 1 (top) through 6 (bottom) to indicate the proper top-down sequence of the steps. ___ Identify risks that could cause material misstatement of relevant assertions in a significant account. ___ Set financial statement level materiality ___ Design audit procedures addressing controls ___ Investigate controls addressing risks ___ Identify significant accounts ___ Determine relevant management assertions for significant accounts and set materiality at the account level Short-Answer Questions and Exercises [LO4] For each scenario below, indicate which element of the fraud triangle is present. (wwwwwwww) Large amounts of cash are on hand. (xxxxxxxx) Management failed to correct ICFR deficiencies in a timely manner. (yyyyyyyy) The organizational structure is complex and lines or authority are unclear. (zzzzzzzz) Future employee layoffs are expected. (aaaaaaaaa) Employee behavior suggests dissatisfaction with the company. (bbbbbbbbb) Restrictions on the auditor limit access to evidence. (ccccccccc) Management attempts to influence the scope of the audit work. (ddddddddd) Industry factors threaten the companys financial stability. (eeeeeeeee) Significant related party transactions are audited by another firm. (fffffffff) The personal financial situation of management is threatened. [LO6] Indicate the preferred timing during the audit process for performing each of the following procedures. Explain your choice. (ggggggggg) observing the clients physical inventory (hhhhhhhhh) testing of the operating effectiveness of ICFR (iiiiiiiii) observing the shipment and receipt of inventories (jjjjjjjjj) substantive testing of property and equipment account balances (kkkkkkkkk) roll forward procedures (lllllllll) testing of the design effectiveness of ICFR (mmmmmmmmm) examining adjustment made during the course of preparing the financial statements [LO8] What different audit procedures (forms of evidence) are appropriate for financial statement audits that are not applicable for testing of controls? [LO8] For each of the following audit procedures, indicate the type of evidence that is involved. (nnnnnnnnn) reading a sales contract (ooooooooo) determining whether a sales invoice is properly included in the sales journal (ppppppppp) communicating with management about changes in accounting personnel (qqqqqqqqq) watching the cashier perform the daily closing procedures (rrrrrrrrr) verifying the mathematical accuracy of discounts included on the sales invoice (sssssssss) verifying the accuracy of the sales journal by reference to a supporting shipping document and sales invoice (ttttttttt) receiving verification from an independent third party Suggested Solutions for Test Bank Questions Chapter 6 True/False T T F F T F T T T F F T T T F T F Multiple Choice a c d d d c b d a c c a d c a b d a c b d d d a a c c d c a b c b d a c a d b a c c c a d b d c a d b Matching 4,1,6,5,2,3 Short-Answer Questions and Exercises a. Large amounts of cash are on hand. Opportunities b. Management failed to correct ICFR deficiencies in a timely manner. Attitude/Rationalization c. The organizational structure is complex and lines or authority are unclear. Opportunities d. Future employee layoffs are expected. Incentives/Pressure e. Employee behavior suggests dissatisfaction with the company. Attitude/Rationalization f. Restrictions on the auditor limit access to evidence. Attitude/Rationalization g. Management attempts to influence the scope of the audit work. Attitude/Rationalization h. Industry factors threaten the companys financial stability. Incentives/Pressure i. Significant related party transactions are audited by another firm. Opportunities j. The personal financial situation of management is threatened. Incentives/Pressure k. observation of the clients physical inventory should be performed at the end of the clients fiscal year so that the financial statement balances can be verified. l. testing of the operating effectiveness of ICFR should be performed at interim, as internal controls are expected to be operating and subject to evaluation at any point. Also, the interim testing will provide time for the auditor to spend more time on related testing if problems are encountered, and management will have more time to remedy the problem before the end of the fiscal year. m. observation of the shipment and receipt of inventories should be performed at the end of the clients fiscal year so that the auditor can determine that the transactions were recorded in the proper period. n. substantive testing of property and equipment account balances should be performed during the year-end testing phase, as final account balances. However, it is also possible to audit these balances during an interim testing phase and later perform a roll forward to year-end. o. roll forward procedures must be performed during the year-end testing phase, as final account balances are needed in order to evaluate the change during the period from interim testing through the date of the clients fiscal year-end. p. testing of the design effectiveness of ICFR should be performed at interim for efficiency reasons. See b. above. q. examining adjustment made during the course of preparing the financial statements must be performed during year-end testing (after the financial statements have been prepared). Both tests of controls and substantive tests of financial statement account balances involve inquiries, inspection of documents, observation of operations, and reperformance of controls. However, the following additional procedures are available for audits of financial statements: i. inspection of tangible assets ii. external confirmations iii. recalculations iv. analytical procedures r. reading a sales contract inspection of documents s. determining whether a sales invoice is properly included in the sales journal inspection of documents; tracing t. communicating with management about changes in accounting personnel inquiry u. watching the cashier perform the daily closing procedures observation v. verifying the mathematical accuracy of discounts included on the sales invoice recalculation w. verifying the accuracy of the sales journal by reference to a supporting shipping document and sales invoice inspection of documents vouching x. receiving verification from an independent third party external confirmation

The Geneva Convention: Preventing Atrocities Towards Prisoners of War :: American America History

The Geneva Convention: Preventing Atrocities Towards Prisoners of War The Allied established the Geneva Convention to protect wounded soldiers in 1864. They amended it four times with the fourth time following some of most atrocious acts against prisoners of war during World War II. I will provide evidence of what I believe led to the modifications of the Geneva Convention in 1949 to protect POWs. I will present the reasons behind the amendment and accounts of the 6th Bomb Squadron 29th Bomb Group 314th Wing during World War II. Finally, I will discuss the modifications that resulted from these acts of violence. Several nations failed to abide by the Geneva Convention during World War II. As a result of this, the convention met for the fourth time to redefine and establish the rules to protect future veterans. (Simpkin) There were 130,000 POWs captured during World War II. Japan killed the most American POWs with a staggering rate at forty percent of 27,465. (Reynolds 10) It was these outrageous events of World War II that led to the Geneva Convention of 1949, which righted the wrongs of the previous conventions. (Geneva Conventions 864) So how bad were POWs treated? I am going to tell the accounts of one of the most severe acts against mankind that occurred during World War II. An interview by an Army special agent with pilot Marvin S. Watkins revealed the following events that occurred following a bombing run in Japan. On May 5, 1945, the 6th Bomb Squadron 29th Bomb Group 314th Wing had just completed a bombing run on Tachairai air depot and was returning to our base in Guam. The following crew members were onboard: William R. Fredericks, Co-Pilot; Howard T. Shingledecker, Bombardier; Charles Kearns, Navigator; Dale Plambeck, Radar Navigator; Teddy Poncezki, Engineer; John Colehower, Gunner; Cpl. Johnson, Gunner; Cpl. Oeinck, Gunner; Cpl. Czarnecki, Gunner; Robert Williams, Radio Operator; and myself as pilot. At 0800, we were ten to twenty miles away from the target when a twin-engine enemy fighter attacked us over the island of Kyushu. One of our engines caught fire, which required the crew to abandon. The engineer and I remained onboard and we continued our flight for another five miles until we lost a wing. We then bailed out and parachuted safely before the plane crashed near the town of Taketa. I evaded capture for eight hours. I was blindfolded, handcuffed, and taken by train to a camp.

Sleep Essay -- Sleeping Health Sleep Essays

Sleep â€Å"The worst thing in the world is to try to sleep and not to, then forcing oneself to stay awake for days on end must surely come a close second.† -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  F Scott Fitzgerald We spend one third of our lives doing it, and yet, some of us never seem to be able to get enough. People all over the world don’t receive enough sleep whether it’s from a medical condition like narcolepsy, or simply not having enough time in a day. The effects of getting a good night’s rest are essential and signs of sleep depravation are not as hard to spot as one may think. Sleep can be compared to quicksand, ignore it and you’ll find yourself trapped. It will take over you’re body and if you try to fight it, the more it wins. The effects of not receiving enough sleep are not uncommon. Sleep depravation has been used throughout history and is common as a form of torture in many POW camps (Victims of Sleep Depravation). Countries, including the United States have used this method to extract information from prisoners. It leaves no physical markings but its psychological effects can be very harmful. Victims will literally go crazy. Those who have gone through it say that no sleep is even worse than starvation. The number of people who suffer from a lack of sleep is growing. This is largely contributed to the increased popularity of late night TV and use of the internet. How many of us can honestly say that we turned the television off in the middle of our favorite show so that we may go to bed at a reasonable hour? While driving a lack of sleep can be just as harmful, if not more, than driving while drunk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We had three of our grandchildren in the back seat. They were singing and the radio was blasting and he went off the road. He said he was all right. I was going to drive, but he said I’m fine, I’m fine. The next day I called the doctor.† (Sleep Apnea) Almost half of Americans drive while drowsy. One out of every five drivers actually had to pull over and take a nap. Compared to alcohol, which only slows you’re reflexes, driving while drowsy makes the driver completely unaware of his or her surroundings. This can be extremely dangerous for motorists especially truckers, who more often than not, drive late into the night. (Drowsiness on motorists) Adults are not the only ones effected by a lack of sleep. A one-year-old baby will sleep 16 out of the 24 ... ...p Apnea. 2 February 2004. http://www.sleepnet.com/sleepapnea.html. Narcolepsy Information. 2 February 2004. http://www.sleepnet.com/narcolepsy.html. Don’t Go To Bed Yet. 2 February 2004.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.sleepfoundation.org/publications/travel.cfm. Amphetamines. 23 February 2004.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://corp.aadac.com/drugs/beyond/amphetamines.asp. Got Caffeine? 23 February 2004. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/caffeine.cfm. Study Confirms Sleep Essential for Creativity. 2 March 2004.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/01/21/sleep.creativity.ap/ Depressants. 10 March 2004. http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/depressants.html Night Fever. 10 March 2004.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/feature/story/0,13026,1117085,00.html The Real Victims of sleep Depravation. 10 March 2004.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3376951.stm Insomnia. 10 March 2004.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://yalenewhavenhealth.org/Library/HealthGuide/IllnessConditions/topic.asp?hwid=uh1001 Kunz, Jeffrey, and Asher Finkel, ed. The American Medical Association Family   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medical Guide. New York: Random House, Inc. 1987. Stern, Jack, David Carroll. The Home Medical Handbook. New York: David Carroll,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1987. Sleep Essay -- Sleeping Health Sleep Essays Sleep â€Å"The worst thing in the world is to try to sleep and not to, then forcing oneself to stay awake for days on end must surely come a close second.† -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  F Scott Fitzgerald We spend one third of our lives doing it, and yet, some of us never seem to be able to get enough. People all over the world don’t receive enough sleep whether it’s from a medical condition like narcolepsy, or simply not having enough time in a day. The effects of getting a good night’s rest are essential and signs of sleep depravation are not as hard to spot as one may think. Sleep can be compared to quicksand, ignore it and you’ll find yourself trapped. It will take over you’re body and if you try to fight it, the more it wins. The effects of not receiving enough sleep are not uncommon. Sleep depravation has been used throughout history and is common as a form of torture in many POW camps (Victims of Sleep Depravation). Countries, including the United States have used this method to extract information from prisoners. It leaves no physical markings but its psychological effects can be very harmful. Victims will literally go crazy. Those who have gone through it say that no sleep is even worse than starvation. The number of people who suffer from a lack of sleep is growing. This is largely contributed to the increased popularity of late night TV and use of the internet. How many of us can honestly say that we turned the television off in the middle of our favorite show so that we may go to bed at a reasonable hour? While driving a lack of sleep can be just as harmful, if not more, than driving while drunk.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"We had three of our grandchildren in the back seat. They were singing and the radio was blasting and he went off the road. He said he was all right. I was going to drive, but he said I’m fine, I’m fine. The next day I called the doctor.† (Sleep Apnea) Almost half of Americans drive while drowsy. One out of every five drivers actually had to pull over and take a nap. Compared to alcohol, which only slows you’re reflexes, driving while drowsy makes the driver completely unaware of his or her surroundings. This can be extremely dangerous for motorists especially truckers, who more often than not, drive late into the night. (Drowsiness on motorists) Adults are not the only ones effected by a lack of sleep. A one-year-old baby will sleep 16 out of the 24 ... ...p Apnea. 2 February 2004. http://www.sleepnet.com/sleepapnea.html. Narcolepsy Information. 2 February 2004. http://www.sleepnet.com/narcolepsy.html. Don’t Go To Bed Yet. 2 February 2004.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.sleepfoundation.org/publications/travel.cfm. Amphetamines. 23 February 2004.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://corp.aadac.com/drugs/beyond/amphetamines.asp. Got Caffeine? 23 February 2004. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/caffeine.cfm. Study Confirms Sleep Essential for Creativity. 2 March 2004.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cnn.com/2004/HEALTH/01/21/sleep.creativity.ap/ Depressants. 10 March 2004. http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/depressants.html Night Fever. 10 March 2004.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/feature/story/0,13026,1117085,00.html The Real Victims of sleep Depravation. 10 March 2004.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3376951.stm Insomnia. 10 March 2004.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://yalenewhavenhealth.org/Library/HealthGuide/IllnessConditions/topic.asp?hwid=uh1001 Kunz, Jeffrey, and Asher Finkel, ed. The American Medical Association Family   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medical Guide. New York: Random House, Inc. 1987. Stern, Jack, David Carroll. The Home Medical Handbook. New York: David Carroll,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1987.

Obligation Definition Essay

The question presented in this discussion is definitely one that has no easy answer. I will start by saying, a obligation is defined by what a person is bound to from either tradition or law. If I took a relative approach I would say that morals and ethical obligation are subjective. I personally believe that to a extent humans do have a obligation to animals. To go out of your way to depict cruelty to any creature illustrates a flaw in your own character. However, humans don’t have to have a diet that includes meat but most do. Even in these cases the way that the livestock is going to be treated does not have to be treated cruelly, or put in discomfort. I remember watching a show in which the farmer said, that his cows tasted so good because they lived a happy life. In many ways he treated the cows akin to a pet, by feeding them properly, making sure their living quarters are clean, and showing them affection. His belief was that by doing this his cow’s meat was more tender, then if he hadn’t done these practices. Do I believe this maybe, maybe not. However, this does illustrate that the livestock that we consume does not have to be treated in a cruel manner. Yet, in theory in our society animals do not perform any function but companionship and food, which means humans really don’t have a obligation to them. However, I feel it is boorish to depict cruelty to any creature or anyone.