Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Choose an artist (painter, sculptor, or architect) from the Research Paper

Choose an artist (painter, sculptor, or architect) from the Renaissance Era to - Research Paper Example The era witnessed a complete new pattern of color scheme, theme, motif and formation that the European history of art has never witnessed before. Renaissance art became a distinct school of art and with its deviation from its predecessors and evolved almost as a new genre of art form. Renaissance as a concept evoked the â€Å"rebirth† of the ancient tradition and with this perception; this genre of art took classical antiquity as the foundation of its art form. However, the artists associated with the school transformed the tradition by incorporating modern techniques pertaining to science which was witnessed as the recent developments during the period in the northern half of the Europe. This was manifested by the use of contemporary scientific knowledge and techniques. Gradually Renaissance art amalgamated with Renaissance Humanist Philosophy and as a coherent and integrated form spread throughout the continent of Europe. This newer concept influenced not only the artists an d the sculptors but also greatly moved their patrons who started taking great interest in the new form of painting. With the explicit use of newer techniques and developed artistic sensibilities, the Renaissance art stands as a milestone in the trajectory of the history of art as the Europe witnessed a transition from the mediaeval period to an early modern age (Hartt, 1970). Leonardo da Vinci: The Great Renaissance Painter Leonardo da Vinci, a multi-faceted archetypal Renaissance man was a genius. He was at the same time, a painter, sculptor, artist, scientist, botanist, architect, musician, writer, engineer, inventor, mathematician, anatomist, geologist and cartographer. His â€Å"unquenchable curiosity† launched him to a paradigm of genius (Gardner, 1970, pp. 450-456).   He was well known for his feverish inventive bent of mind and imagination. Born in the year 1452, Vinci illuminated the world and served the society with all his expertise from myriad domains till the ye ar 1519. Leonardo da Vinci is considered to be the greatest painter and perhaps the most widely and diversely talented personality of all times (IEEE, n.d.). Helen Gardner, the famous art historian visions about the great man in the following words, â€Å"the scope and depth of his interests were without precedent and "his mind and personality seem to us superhuman, the man himself mysterious and remote" (Gardner, 1970, pp. 450-456).   But Marco Rosci contends that the vision of Leonardo should not be considered as something mysterious, rather it is essentially logical in the eyes of Rosci and he believed that the empirical methods which Leonardo employed were unusual in his contemporary era (Rosci, 1977, p. 8). Leonardo da Vinci is primarily known for his path-breaking Renaissance paintings. Leonardo is well-known for his supreme masterpieces which despite of his diversified expertise has captivated his name and fame even after four hundred years of his survival. Leonardoâ€℠¢s paintings as a product from the school of Renaissance painting is always appreciated and discussed at a great length by the patron, connoisseurs and critics of art. The explicit use of light and his detailed knowledge of anatomy which he used extensively in his paintings reached the masterpieces at a different dimension. His knowledge of botany and geology also becomes evident through his paintings and his interest on physiognomy well reflected through the minute lines and curves his paintings bear. The greatest

Monday, October 28, 2019

A Preview Of The Twentieth Century Essay Example for Free

A Preview Of The Twentieth Century Essay History tells us so much that the essence of humanity would be of a void nature without it. We can safely say that history is the collective experience of humanity itself. Thus, a distortion made upon history is irreverence to our collective experience. If one distorts history, he/she changes humanity’s life story. There is a need to preserve history as it happened. From history we learn lessons and avoid doing things that lead us to our own destruction. Take for example the two world wars that happened, if a third world war happens, then we, humanity, did not learn and care at all about our own history. History distortions commonly happen in the ideological and political arena. These distortions kill human lives. Conflicts that happen in the Europe and the Middle East as well as in America are caused by differences on the way people view religion and faith. Infamous of these are bombings caused by Muslim fundamentalists. Hence, history should be taught as it happened. History should be taught with clarity and vividness. People are intelligent enough to discern between the good and bad events that happened. Respect given for each other’s perspective and ideology should be encouraged to avoid conflicts. An integration of history arriving at the closest description of events as they happen should be done taking into consideration the differences in the religious and political beliefs of different races. Research should be done in order to correct the mistakes made on writing history. Yet, the most important of these is respect. If people cannot agree on a particular issue of history, then their only option is to respect its other’s views. There is no other alternative, they must respect each other. History is what we are. If we distort our perception of history, we change our very lives’ meaning.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Free Great Gatsby Essays: Sensational, Blatant, Ugly and Pointless :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Many Flaws of The Great Gatsby There are a few, very rare, moments where Fitzgerald allows some insights in the characters of his novel, The Great Gatsby. These occasions should be marked red. Most of the time, the story annoys the reader with imaginary pictures of the Golden 20’s, which really were never that golden, or images of our hero, Gatsby. All the wonderful things that critics see in the story: the novel of manners, love, American Dream, and romance have been interpreted into the story long after the fact. There are some slight hints towards these topics, but they are not really developed by Fitzgerald (e.g. the love between J. Gatz and Daisy Fay). The missing relationship between Gatsby and Daisy is but one of the flaws of the novel. Fitzgerald shows a lack of care in developing Gatsby as a person of the "New Money", dreaming all the day, having and being tasteless in everything he has and is, in addition to being a criminal (though there ´s no real evidence for that), and developing Daisy as a character, coming from a well-known family "Old Money" and being not guilty ("white", to use Fitzgerald ´s riduculas color symbolism). It was just impossible for a mediocre writer like Fitzgerald was, to develop a relationship between such different persons (though they have one thing in common: their lack of taste). The Great Gatsby is an absurd story. One cannot consider this â€Å"masterpiece† as a love story - the only love is one by a shy daydreamer, admiring a lady from the upperclass and doing every possible stupid thing to get her, but who, after not having succeeded, becomes a "tragic hero". Just blindly applying ancient and worn storylines doesn’t make a good book. One cannot consider it as a plain record of lifestyle in the 20 ´s because it simply is not. To suppose that it is a symbol for the American Dream (which isn ´t dreamt by Americans only) it is just ridiculous. These things are not definable by some characters written on a virgin white (color symbolism !!!) sheet of paper. The same goes for those who consider The Great Gatsby as a romantic novel: Ripping off people who buy alcohol, accumulating that dark (color symbolism !!!) money and then filling a pool with it, just to impress a teen love is not very romantic in the opinion of most people.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Federalism and Separation of Power

Democracy as a system of political administration has been termed over years as a product of several institutions working together to ensure the sustainability of an exclusive political system. Democratic institutions in a state are saddled with the responsibility of sustaining a nation’s democratic process such institutions like legislature, judiciary and the executive are the major institutions that guarantee efficiency in a democratic system. ( Ologbenla 1996) Basically, the legislative arm is the major institution that guarantees such because it represents the generality of the people’s interest.The doctrines of separation of power and checks and balances are two major tenets of democracy. Both doctrines provide basic principles that should be upheld in any democratic state. The adherence to these democratic tenets depends largely on the level of political adherence that follows the basic rules and regulations that guides the conduct of both the ruler and the ruled in an exclusive political community. Such rules and regulation are codified in a document known as constitution. A constitution is a legal framework that spells out the composition, function, and jurisdiction of government officials. Almond et al. 1966) It is a body of fundamental rules guiding the affairs of state. It states the relationship between the governors and the governed. Separation of powers is a doctrine propounded by Baron de' Montesquieu which stipulates that in order to avoid arbitrary use of power, power should be decentralised and shared among the organs of government such that no organ becomes too powerful. (Neumann 1949) The principle of checks and balances states that an organ of government should act as a watchdog on the other organs of government so as to curb their excesses.In a democratic system all governmental powers are derived from the constitution, it also spells out the functions and relationship of major governmental institutions such as the executive, judiciary and the legislature such that no organ of government can interfere in the affairs of the other. The constitution makes each arm of government to be an independent and coordinate unit, independent in terms of its sphere of influence and coordinate in its inter-governmental relationship with other arms of government.With cognisance to the American democratic structure, the constitution provides for separation of powers by stipulating the functions of the various arms of government and also the jurisdiction of the different tiers of government, whereby the executive cannot meddle in the affairs of the legislature and vice-versa. The primary function of the legislature is the making of laws ;( Easton 1961) it would be a total negation of the principle of separation of power if such function is being exercised by the executive.Although, the executive can propose a bill after much deliberation by the legislature can be passed into law but the power to make laws lie in within th e jurisdiction of the legislature. But in recent times the principle had been challenged due to the overwhelming power and personality of the executive. For example, President George Bush after the Sept 11 attack on the world trade centre proposed a bill to the congress to invade Iraq. Before the house could pass the bill he had sent troops to wage war in Iraq.This was contrary to the constitutional provisions which states that before United State would engage in a war it must be ratified by the congress in a joint session. Checks and balances on the other is to serve as a balance between the various organs of government in such a way that an arm of government serve as the watchdog over the other arms of government. (Neumann 1949) This function is majorly that of the judiciary this is the done through judicial reviews which help scrutinize both activities of the executive and the legislature.For this function to be performed to the optimum level there is the need for an independent judiciary that is free from executive manipulation. A bill is a proposed law that is not yet law until it is passed by the law making body in the country and received the executive or presidential assent. (Easton 1961) There are several stages that are involved in the passing of a bill before it becomes law. The first stage of the bill is the first introduction of the bill to the house. The introduction of bill could either be a private member bill or it originates from the lower house depending on the type of legislative chamber in operation.In a two chamber legislative house, bills originate from the lower house and are deliberated on in a joint session. This stage marks the first reading of the bill to the house. The second reading marks a stage where the bill is fully deliberated upon by lawmakers and it represents a crucial stage in the passing of such bill into law, because this stage determines whether such bill would become law. After the bill had successfully passed through the second reading then a committee would be constituted to critically examine and analyse the bill, give recommendations and possible impact of the bill if passed into law.This stage represents the committee stage. After constituting the committee, the next stage is the report stage where the committee presents their report to the house on the bill. After the committee stage the bill is presented to the lawmakers for adoption. It should be noted that at this stage the bill can still be rejected if the lawmakers refuse to adopt the bill by voting against it. But if the bill was accepted by the lawmakers then it can now proceed to the third stage which requires the president’s assent.If the bill passed by the legislature was not assented to by the executive, the legislature can constitutionally veto such bill into law after a period of 14 days. Federalism is a political system in which governmental powers are shared among the different tiers and organs of government such that each tier and organ is coordinate, independent, and exclusive in its own sphere of authority. (Leslie 1954) With reference to the debate on whether state power had been reduced or increased in a federal structure, cognisance would be given to emerging democracies mostly in third world countries where democratic structures are still growing.In Nigeria, state powers are gradually reduced as the constitution vested much power in the exclusive legislative list which only allows the federal government to legislate. (Ologbenla 1996) Matters such as currency, defence, health, mining, state creation, local government creation, boundary adjustment, leaving the state with little area to exercise its sphere of control. Unlike other federal structures like the United State of America where states have the autonomy on state police, the Nigerian federal structure did not provide for such provisions even at the agitation of states to have their autonomy on the issue.In 2003, the Lagos state gover nment embarked on the creation of local government which was later regarded as unconstitutional and led to a legal matter between the state and the federal government. (Tadese 2012) The judgement was later passed in favour of the federal citing that states do not have the constitutional right to create such establishment. In the American federal structure allows for state power to be shared between the central, state, and municipal governments in such a way that each state has its own constitution where it derives it powers from.Although when such laws clashes with national constitution the latter prevails. Federalism has been the major factor sustaining the democratic values as it has it functionality in both the principle of separation of powers and checks and balances which is maintained through the efficacy of institutions that guarantees a smooth democratic process.References Almond Gabriel, Gabber Powell. (1966). Comparative Politics: A developmental approach; Little Brown ; C o, Boston. Print. Easton David. (1961). A framework of political analysis, Yale University Press, New Haven. Print. Leslie Lipson. (1954). The Great Issues of Politics (5th edition) Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Print. Neuman Franz. (1949). Introduction to Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws. Translated by Thomas Nugent: Halfner publishers, Chicago. Print. Ologbenla Derin. (1996). Introduction to political science, Olucity Press Limited, Lagos. Print. Tadese. Oyeniyi. A battle of legal supremacy; Lagos State faces FG on creation of local government. Vanguard Newspaper. Web 30 September 2012.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Examine the techniques Iago employs to achieve his aims in the play Othello

In traditional Shakespearean tragedies the protagonist is destroyed through their own fatal flaw. The play Othello is different because there is a villain which is unusual for a Shakespearean tragedy. In the play Macbeth, the tragic events occur because of Macbeths own fatal flaw of ambition. However in the play Othello; Iago, one of the main characters manipulates Othello's fatal flaw of jealously which leads to the tragic ending of the play. He says how he is using Othello by â€Å"following him I follow but myself†; he is pretending to be loyal to Othello but is really doing it for his own benefit. Iago plans revenge on Othello when he gives Cassio the job of lieutenant instead of to him; he describes himself as â€Å"worth no worse a place† and is showing that he thinks highly of himself. Even after he manages to get Cassio dismissed and replaces him as lieutenant, he still continues to carry out his plan of destruction. This reveals that the reason of Iagos plans are merely just for fun. Iago deceives everyone even Roderigo who supports him, not knowing everything about Iago's plans, he even questions why he â€Å"ever made a fool my purse† which shows he is only using Roderigo for his own benefit. No-one in the play seems to know what Iago is really like. He manipulates everyone in the play to gain their trust although he only uses them. Cassio praises Iago by saying that he had sung â€Å"an excellent song†, this is because he doesn't know that it was actually because of Iago that he was dismissed from the job of lieutenant. Iago is seen as a manipulative and evil character, he betrays Othello by telling Brabantio that Desdemona is married to Othello; â€Å"you're robbed†¦ an old black ram is tupping your white ewe†, he uses crude, sexual imagery to make their marriage seem worse than it is to make Brabantio angry because his daughter got married without his consent. He constantly makes racist comments about Othello; by referring to him as â€Å"thick-lips† and tries to make him seem like a bad character, because in Shakespearean times it was seen as wrong for a white woman to marry a black man. Iago tries to convince himself that Othello has had an affair with is wife; â€Å"I hate the Moor, And it is thought abroad that ‘twixt my sheets He's done my office. † Iago is jealous even though he is not completely sure that Othello has had an affair with his wife. He treats Emilia badly he tells her to â€Å"be not acknown on't† he makes her do what he wants and tell her to pretend she does not know anything about Desdemona's handkerchief. He also makes general bad comments about women; â€Å"she give you so much of her lips as of her tongue† he is saying that Emilia talks too much, something which she shouldn't do. Iago has a general dislike for women and stabs Emilia when she realises what he has done he also causes Othello to hit Desdemona in public and makes him call her a â€Å"whore† to her face. To make Othello jealous he makes out that Desdemona is having an affair but he only hints, â€Å"Lie – † this makes Othello jump to conclusions and finish off the sentences himself; â€Å"Lie with her? Lie on her? † Iago does not try to correct him â€Å"With her, on her, what you will† he just agrees with what Othello is saying. Sometimes when talking to Othello he says something and immediately takes it back to get Othello curious. Othello gave Desdemona a handkerchief which had been passed through his family, Iago tells Emilia to steal it for him and plants it in Cassio's bedchamber. He tries to wind up Othello by discretely reminding Othello that Desdemona did not have the handkerchief anymore: â€Å"But if I give my wife a handkerchief†, he is tormenting him with the thought that Desdemona is not acting truly loyal to Othello, like Emilia would to Iago. Shakespeare uses asides and soliloquies throughout the play as a dramatic technique. While talking to Othello, Iago says â€Å"O, you are well turned now! But I'll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am† it reminds us of Iago's evil nature, and shows how he is planning Othello's destruction. Soliloquies are similar to asides in what they do in the play. They remind us of what Iago is planning and also show us what he thinks about what he has achieved so far.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Marijuana1 essays

Marijuana1 essays Drugs are a major influential force in our country today. The problem has gotten so out of hand that many options are being considered to control it or even solve it. Ending the drug war seems to be a bit impossible. The war on drugs seems to be accomplishing a lot but this is not true. Different options need to be considered. Legalization is an option that hasn't gotten a chance but should be given one. Although many people feel that legalizing marijuana would increase the amount of use, marijuana should be legalized because it will reduce the great amounts of money spent on enforcement and it will increase our country's revenue. There are also many benefits that can be uncovered to help people if legalization of marijuana is given a chance. Legalizing marijuana would increase our economy's revenue. During Prohibition alcohol use was still sold and used, but people were doing it illegally. The 21st amendment repealed prohibition and alcohol taxes were increased. The same thing should happen with drugs. Marijuana should be taxed heavily to increase our revenue. Marijuana and other drugs would be made by the same people who make aspirin so the quality would be assured, containing no poisons or adulterants. Sterile hypodermic needles will be readily available at corner drug stores. These could be taxed heavily because the users will be assured of "clean drugs." Making drugs legal will reduce the great amounts of money spent on enforcement every year. Drug dealers and users are one step ahead on the enforcement process. If one drug lord is caught, another one will show up somewhere else. We cannot win. "In 1987, 10 billion dollars were spent alone just on enforcing drug laws. Drugs accounted for about 40 percent of all felony indictments in the New York City courts in 1989. This figure is quadruple what it was in 1985. . Forty percent of the people in federal prison are drug law violators" (Long...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Laugh in Spanish With the Verbs Reír and Reírse

Laugh in Spanish With the Verbs Reà ­r and Reà ­rse Is there a difference in meaning between reà ­r and reà ­rse? Dictionaries give the same definition for both. The two verbs, which mean to laugh, mean basically the same thing. Although you will find some regional variations, reà ­rse is the more common of the two. Thus, while reà ­ would be understood to mean I laughed, it would be more common to say me reà ­. Reà ­r by itself can sometimes sound poetic or old-fashioned. When Reà ­r or Reà ­rse Is Required There are at least two cases where one form is required: More commonly, when followed by de, the reflexive form reà ­rse usually means to make fun of or to laugh at: Me reà ­a de mi hermano, pero ahora somos amigos. (I used to make fun of my brother, but now were friends.)14. 3/19. Expanded, fixed error, added takeawaysSe reirn de su falta de sofisticacià ³n computarizada. (They will laugh at your lack of computer sophistication.)Me quiero reà ­r de mà ­ mismo. (I want to laugh at myself.) If you are talking about  what makes a person laugh, the reflexive form isnt used. Hacer is typically used as the verb for to make: Me hace reà ­r cuando estoy triste. (She makes me laugh when Im sad.)Austin Powers no me hizo reà ­r ms de una vez. (Austin powers didnt make me laugh more than once.)Ayer me hiciste daà ±o y hoy me vas a hacer reà ­r. (Yesterday you hurt me and today youre going to make me laugh.) Theres no logical reason why reà ­rse de is used to mean to laugh at rather than reà ­rse a or even reà ­rse en. Thats just the way it is. This is one of those cases where you should learn the preposition along with the verb. Conjugation of Reà ­r and Reà ­rse Reà ­r is one of the very few -ir verbs with an accent on the final syllable. It is conjugated irregularly, but only in terms of writing, not pronunciation. An written accent is needed in many forms to prevent the e of the stem and and à ­ of the ending from forming a diphthong. And example of the written irregularity can be seen in the indicative present forms with the irregular forms shown in boldface): yo rà ­o, tà º rà ­es, usted/à ©l/ella rà ­e, nosotros/as reà ­mos, vosotros/as reà ­s, ustedes/ellos/ellas rà ­en. Words Related to Reà ­r Among the Spanish words related to or derived from reà ­r: la risa - laugh (noun), laughterrisible - laughablerisià ³n - mockery, ridicule (noun)la risita - chuckle (noun)el riso - chuckle (noun; word used in limited areas)la risotada - guffawsonreà ­r - to smilesonriente - smiling (adjective)la sonrisa - smile (noun) Among the few English words etymologically related to reà ­r are derision and risible. All these words come from the Latin  ridÄ“re, which meant to laugh. Phrases Using Reà ­r or Reà ­rse Here are four common expressions that use these verbs, most often reà ­rse. Translations other than those given here can be used: reà ­rse a carcajadas - to laugh ones head off, to laugh ones tail off, to roar with laughter, etc. (A carcajada is a loud laugh or a guffaw.) - Nos reà ­amos a carcajadas de las cosas que decà ­a el cà ³mico. (We roared with laughter at the things the comic said.) A more colloquial way of saying the same thing is reà ­r a mandà ­bula batiente, literally to laugh with a flapping jaw.reà ­rse entre dientes - to chuckle (literally, to laugh between the teeth) - La tenista rià ³ entre dientes y sacudià ³ la cabeza. (The tennis player chuckled and shook her head.)reà ­rse hasta el llanto - to laugh until crying - Muchos dà ­as nos reà ­amos hasta el llanto. (Many days we would laugh to the point of crying.)reà ­rse para adentro - to laugh on the inside - Me rà ­o para adentro cuando recuerdo lo que escribià ³. (I laugh on the inside when I remember what she wrote.) Key Takeaways Both reà ­r and its reflexive form, reà ­rse, mean to laugh, and they are often interchangeable with little to no change in meaning.The reflexive form reà ­rse is used in the phrase reà ­rse de, meaning to laugh at, while the simple form reà ­r is used in the phrase hacer reà ­r, meaning to cause to laugh.Reà ­r and reà ­rse are conjugated regularly in terms of pronunciation, but a written accent is often needed to maintain that pronunciation.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Biography of Brian Cox, Physicist

Biography of Brian Cox, Physicist Physics has had a number of figures who have not only advanced scientists understanding of the universe but also pushed forward a greater understanding of complex scientific questions among the general population. Think of Albert Einstein, Richard Feynman, and Stephen Hawking, all of whom stood out from among the crowd of stereotypical physicists to present physics to the world in their distinctive styles and found an audience of non-scientists for whom their presentations strongly resonated. Though not yet as accomplished as these iconic physicists, British particle physicist Brian Cox certainly fits the profile of the celebrity scientist. He rose to prominence first as a member of British rock bands in the early 1990s before ultimately transitioning to work as an experimental physicist, exploring the cutting edge of particle physics. Though well-respected among physicists, it is his work as an advocate for science communication and education in which he really stands out from the crowd. He is a popular figure in British (and worldwide) media discussing matters of scientific importance, not only in the realm of physics but also more broadly on subjects of public policy and embracing secular principles of rationality. General Information Birthdate: March 3, 1968 Nationality: English Spouse: Gia Milinovich Music Career Brian Cox was a member of the rock band Dare in 1989 until the band split up in 1992. In 1993, he joined the UK rock band D:Ream, which had a number of hits, including the number one Things Can Only Get Better, which went on to be used as a political election anthem in England. D:Ream disbanded in 1997, at which point Cox (who had been studying physics all along and earned his Ph.D.) went on to practicing physics full time. Physics Work Brian Cox received his doctorate in physics from the University of Manchester, completing his thesis in 1998. In 2005, he was awarded a Royal Society University Research Fellowship. He splits his time between work at the University of Manchester and at the CERN facility in Geneva, Switzerland, home of the Large Hadron Collider. Coxs work is on both the ATLAS experiment  and the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. Popularizing Science Brian Cox has not only performed extensive research, but has also worked hard to help popularize science to lay audiences, especially through repeated appearances on the BBC programs such as The Big Bang Machine. In 2014, Brian Cox hosted a BBC Two 5-part television miniseries,  The Human Universe, which explored humanitys place in the universe by exploring the history of our growth as a species and also tackling existential questions such as Why are we here? and What is our future? He also released a book, called  The Human Universe  (co-authored with Andrew Cohen), in 2014. Two of his speeches are available as TED lectures, where he explains the physics being performed (or not being performed) at the Large Hadron Collider. He has co-authored the following books with fellow British physicist Jeff Forshaw: Why Does Emc2 (And Why Do We Care?) (2009)The Quantum Universe (And Why Anything That Can Happen, Does) (2011) He is also a co-host of the popular BBC radio program Infinite Monkey Cage, which is released worldwide as a podcast. In this program, Brian Cox joins with British actor Robin Ince and other guests of renown (and sometimes scientific expertise) to discuss subjects of scientific interest with a comedic twist. Awards and Recognition International Fellow of The Explorers Club, 2002Lord Kelvin prize from the British Association (for his work popularizing science), 2006Institute of Physics Kelvin Prize, 2010Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), 2010Institute of Physics Presidents medal, 2012Royal Societys Michael Faraday Prize, 2012 In addition to the above awards, Brian Cox has been recognized with a variety of honorary degrees.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Compare curanderismo, espiritualismo, with Afro-Caribbean Santeria, Essay

Compare curanderismo, espiritualismo, with Afro-Caribbean Santeria, Pentecostalism - Essay Example Moreover, there are several objects that are used by the practitioners. They include the holy water, crucifixes, lemons, eggs, candles, saints, incense, candles, spices, eggs, limes, and oils. Evidently, curanderismo originated from the Mexican culture following its colonization by Mexico. It derives its meaning from the word curar which is Spanish for ‘to heal.’ Incidentally, curanderismo is a combination of the indigenous Latin American folk medicine and Catholicism. Presently, curanderismo is practiced in a number of Latin American countries and also in the United States. To this end, it has retained its popularity among certain Mexican-American people as an alternative mode of medicine. Its popularity is largely due to the belief that it offers spiritual alleviation from ailments that are beyond conventional medicine. Espiritualismo involves the practice of spiritualism. Evidently its practice is based on the belief that the spirit world can offer intervention within the human world. To this end, it is practised by a majority of Caribbean’s and also by some citizens from Latin America. However, it is different from Santeria since there are rituals c haracterized by animal sacrifices. Espiritualismo is further regarded as a philosophical movement that is based on reverence to God and the soul, the spiritual and moral principles, and the immortality of being. Moreover, espiritualismo believes in reincarnation, survival ideals of the soul, and the relation between the disembodied and embodied. The general principles of espiritualismo include the belief in God, his helpers and angels; spiritual adoration and worship; the original root of religion and other manifestations of religion; and the divine reverence of the Great Spirit known as ‘God.’ Moreover, mineral, plants, oils, prayers, trees, candles, flowers, and music equally play a pertinent role in the belief of espiritualismo. Evidently, the doctrines of espiritualismo espouse that when a person is born, he or she is a constituent of two bodies. The first body is the physical and visible entity which is earthly and temporary. The second body is the spiritual entity which is eternal and invisible. Furthermore, after death the physical body ceases to exist but the spiritual body continues in an eternal existence under the control of God. On the other hand, Santeria is a combination of religious beliefs and traditions that constitutes a similar African traditional religion. Evidently, its origin can be traced back to Brazil and Cuba. It is characterized by a combination of the worship elements of Catholicism and the traditional Yoruba faith. The Santeria religion is based on creating relationships between the human beings and mortal spirits which are powerful and known as the Orishas. Evidently, the Orisha is a reflection of the god also known as Olodumare. In this regard, the adherents of Santeria believed that the spirits provided them with the gift of life when they performed satisfactory rituals. This consequently enabled them to be blessed with the destiny bestowed upon them before their birth. Interestingly, the Santeria religion exhibits a relation with the Roman Catholic church through the association between Orishas and the Catholic Saints. For example, Our Lady of Charity was known as Ochun in the Santeria religion. She is the Yoruba goddess in charge of the river. The goddess was equally associated with love, sweets, water, love and yellow. Saint Lazarus was the alternate version of Babalu-Aye in Santeria religion.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Study to look at nurses' knowledge of elder abuse in long term care Essay

Study to look at nurses' knowledge of elder abuse in long term care setting - Essay Example Studies have shown that people of all socio-economic, ethnic and religious backgrounds are vulnerable to abuse including countries where the traditional system of family care exists. Furthermore, it is increasingly being seen as an important problem and one that is likely to grow as many countries experience rapidly growing ageing populations. It is predicted that by the year 2025 the global population of those aged 60 years and older will more than double, from 542 million in 1995 to about 1.2 billion (1). Although there is an increasing awareness that some older people are victims of abuse, neglect and mistreatment there is strong evidence to indicate that much abuse goes unrecognized and is hidden from public awareness (3). prompted scientific and governmental activity throughout the world. Although the vast majority of older people enjoy the benefits of family life, there has been a growing awareness, during the past twenty years in particular, that older people are sometimes abused, neglected or mistreated. Progress on building a response to elder abuse has been difficult, however, as the issue is shrouded in secrecy, denial and guilt. It is acknowledged that abuse can occur within the home or care facility (4). Any form of abuse is unacceptable. Nurses have a duty of care to the older people in their care to prevent this from happening. Although nurses who care for older persons can expect to encounter cases of abuse our knowledge of the incidence and cause of such abuse remains limited (5). While the study of elder abuse has much to learn from responses to other forms of adult abuse, it is vital that the abuse of older people is dealt with separately, to ensure clarity when defining and measuring the problem and to help focus responses to abuse. Elder abuse is defined as a single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action occurring within any relationship where

Fairy Tales and Gender Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fairy Tales and Gender Roles - Essay Example They seem to brig inspiration to the reader or viewer of the fairy tale. Fairy tale stories are meant to describe a life that is none existent. Sometimes they show a legendary figure who emerged as a result of a historical event (Greenway, Jennifer, and Erin, 14). They are used as a teaching tool in schools and can bring about the much needed knowledge by students about how this came to be. Fairy tales do not usually focus outside certain aspects like places, people, and certain religion. They derive their story more from a certain time in life: in that they do not dwell on the present, instead, they are more of a past time in history. They are characterized by a beginning, â€Å"once upon a time†, and an ending, â€Å"†¦happily ever after† (Greenway, Jennifer, and Erin, 33). In this essay, attention will be focused on one of the most famous fairy tales, Snow White. This fairy tale teaches and shows a lot, despite being a fairy tale that is based on fantasy. This l iterary piece of writing contains certain attributes that relate to gender roles, values that are important to both sexes, the existence of evil and the influence that the fairy tale has on society. In the film, the house chores are done by a happy Snow White who entertains herself by singing loudly. Here, the film goes on to show that such a girl, who at the time is cleaning and cooking, is happy despite her work. She is in a joyful mood despite working for people who do not treat her in accordance to how she is supposed to be treated. At this point, it is safe to say that she is doing chores usually designed for a woman. From the cooking, doing the dishes and cooking, women play their role in society without questioning why they are doing it. Snow White, despite the jobs being tiresome, performs her duties without complaining (Greenway, Jennifer, and Erin, 15). She has come to understand her role in society. In society, women are bound to perform certain tasks in their homes, or i n places they live. It goes on to show that they have accepted that as their role and that it is them that should perform them. The film was produced during the great depression when women were not allowed to work in farms and industries, but were to stay at home and do house chores (Stahly and Robert, 97). The film depicts women values such as being industrious, dutiful and longsuffering by snow white way of living and handling issues. From this, a lesson can be learnt; that even though women play their roles since it is they that should, they have other characteristics that are bound to grow on other people. When Snow White accidentally came upon a cottage in the middle of the forest after being released by the queens’ servant, she goes in, at this point showing her curiosity, and falls asleep till she is discovered by the dwarves. Her curiosity brought upon her good fortune. It could have brought her disaster, since entering a house whose owner(s) is not present could lead to certain consequences. Meeting with the seven dwarves, playing her role in ensuring they ate at the required moment and cleaning, goes on a long way to show just how women’s roles fit into society. Traditional and modern society have one thing in common; in that the roles that each member of the opposite sex performs. Snow White shows how women are supposed to be like in

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Methods for Database Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Methods for Database Security - Essay Example The main part of this paper discusses the ways that an organization can use to counter the threats identified in the previous parts of the paper. The methods to be used include data encryption, web-based data security, authentication and access control, timeliness and security in real-time database systems, SQL Injections, negative databases, data security policies, and database auditing policies. Database Security Database security has become one of the most important issues in today’s world of technology. Many organizations depend a lot on their databases for the storage of their information and assets. Like all assets that any company treasures, the database is probably one of the most important assets, since it is used to store a myriad of information (Burtescu, 2009). The increase in technological advancement has allowed companies to be interconnected in ways that were not possible in the past, and with the growing technological link, so does insecurity grow. The increased connectivity has brought a number of benefits to organizations, but with it is an increased vulnerability to the security of the information accessible from the database (Burtescu, 2009). The core point in database security is the restriction of unauthorized access into databases, which can be done in a number of ways. In this case, security is used to refer to the policies or mechanisms used to prevent the threat and the asset coming into contact, where the asset referred to is the database. This means that database security is mainly concerned with protecting the database from unintended activity, be it from insiders, outsiders, or unwanted programs. Since the database is mainly a store of information, database security is concerned with preventing the loss of this information to unauthorized personnel (Burtescu, 2009). The building of a secure database is focused on improving traditional DBMS measures and providing an extended platform to the security measures in the modern organization. The main aim of this paper is to outline the main security threats that an organization can face in relation to the database, outline the importance of database security, and provide detailed explanations of the main types of database security issues. Therefore, it can be seen that the main objective in the paper is to provide an explanation of the database security methods available to an organization. A s already stated, the databases in organizations are mainly used to store important information, information ranging from financial information to customer information to product information. This means that the database is one of the most important features of the organization. It is, therefore, important that an organization keep track of the security issues that affect their databases. This indicates that the main importance of database security is to prevent unauthorized access t oinfo4mation stored in the database, which includes unauthorized modification and access. Database security systems are also put in place to ensure that data kept in the database stays confidential, since most of the data is of a sensitive nature. For example, customer information stored in a telephone company database can be sued maliciously if accessed by the wrong individuals; therefore, organizations have to ensure that their databases are kept secure. Database security is also emphasized by organiz ations to ensure that information integrity is secured, since tainted data can influence many mechanisms in the organization. However, despite the growing need for database security, many security threats come up in the growing technological atmosphere, some of which are described below.

The Future of Cloud Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Future of Cloud Computing - Essay Example In this report a discussion will be presented using the concepts provided in the chapter and in the scholarly articles about the increased use and advancements in the computer technologies. This report will analyze all three forms of the discussion and present agreements and disagreements with the authors about the future of these topics. This will reflect an individual understanding about the topic on which an appropriately structured conclusion will be developed. CHAPTER SUMMARY The findings proposed in the chapter show that the use of IT and advancement in the computer technologies require that new methods evolve. For ensuring the safety of the data providing non physical spaces to the users for storing the data have led to such innovations. The developments in mobile computing segments, artificial intelligence and cloud computing are the examples of the developments in the IT industry. These facilities provide safe storage of the data online and make accessibility easier. Associa ted to these advancements are several advantages and disadvantages. The examples of such systems are Google cloud storage, Apple’s cloud, Microsoft’s cloud and other facilities like Dropbox and Amazon. There are four forms of the information clouds namely, 1. Global information/ Internet 2. External information cloud 3. Local information cloud 4. ... The main reasons why users prefer using the cloud facilities are archiving the data in backup, store application data, computing, sharing data and building apps and websites. SCHOLARLY ARTICLE 1: MODELING AND SIMULATION OF CLOUD COMPUTING SOLUTION FOR DISTRIBUTED SPACE DATA STORAGE AND ACCESS IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS Then high bandwidth radio telescopes generate large amounts of digitized data. The challenge associated with this is to provide the ease of access with highest efficiency of the data which is recorded. The main emphasis of the topic is to understand the storage and the retrieval of the space signals. This requires advancement in setting the core technologies and implementing it completely within the cloud computing paradigm. The article is a proposition which suggests cloud computing solutions. Within the distributed space it is required that the data stored can be accessed and at the same time it can become a part of the mobile communication networks. The modeli ng and the simulation results of the processes assist in developing an understanding that the proposed solutions perform satisfactorily in extracting the data from the specified space. The future of this process shows utter reliance on the cloud computing processes for data storage. Verification of the importance of the process and implementation of the process shows its importance in the future (Kurmis, Dzemydiene, Didziokas, & Trokss, 2013). The author of the paper is suggesting that the cloud computing process is acquiring popularity and the ease of access is providing in setting the methods which can enhance the usage. He further suggests the methods which can lead to advancements of the process. SCHOLARLY ARTICLE 2: HEAD IN THE

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Methods for Database Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Methods for Database Security - Essay Example The main part of this paper discusses the ways that an organization can use to counter the threats identified in the previous parts of the paper. The methods to be used include data encryption, web-based data security, authentication and access control, timeliness and security in real-time database systems, SQL Injections, negative databases, data security policies, and database auditing policies. Database Security Database security has become one of the most important issues in today’s world of technology. Many organizations depend a lot on their databases for the storage of their information and assets. Like all assets that any company treasures, the database is probably one of the most important assets, since it is used to store a myriad of information (Burtescu, 2009). The increase in technological advancement has allowed companies to be interconnected in ways that were not possible in the past, and with the growing technological link, so does insecurity grow. The increased connectivity has brought a number of benefits to organizations, but with it is an increased vulnerability to the security of the information accessible from the database (Burtescu, 2009). The core point in database security is the restriction of unauthorized access into databases, which can be done in a number of ways. In this case, security is used to refer to the policies or mechanisms used to prevent the threat and the asset coming into contact, where the asset referred to is the database. This means that database security is mainly concerned with protecting the database from unintended activity, be it from insiders, outsiders, or unwanted programs. Since the database is mainly a store of information, database security is concerned with preventing the loss of this information to unauthorized personnel (Burtescu, 2009). The building of a secure database is focused on improving traditional DBMS measures and providing an extended platform to the security measures in the modern organization. The main aim of this paper is to outline the main security threats that an organization can face in relation to the database, outline the importance of database security, and provide detailed explanations of the main types of database security issues. Therefore, it can be seen that the main objective in the paper is to provide an explanation of the database security methods available to an organization. A s already stated, the databases in organizations are mainly used to store important information, information ranging from financial information to customer information to product information. This means that the database is one of the most important features of the organization. It is, therefore, important that an organization keep track of the security issues that affect their databases. This indicates that the main importance of database security is to prevent unauthorized access t oinfo4mation stored in the database, which includes unauthorized modification and access. Database security systems are also put in place to ensure that data kept in the database stays confidential, since most of the data is of a sensitive nature. For example, customer information stored in a telephone company database can be sued maliciously if accessed by the wrong individuals; therefore, organizations have to ensure that their databases are kept secure. Database security is also emphasized by organiz ations to ensure that information integrity is secured, since tainted data can influence many mechanisms in the organization. However, despite the growing need for database security, many security threats come up in the growing technological atmosphere, some of which are described below.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Research on Proliferation Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

On Proliferation - Research Paper Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that despite the fact that every country agrees that zero tolerance on nuclear weapons is the way to keep international security, there has been a continued spread of the weapons. This leaves a question on how the terrorists groups still manage to get the weapons and what the role of the government has been in the failure of Non-Proliferation Treaty. It also leaves a question on the role of international community in regulating government-sharing weapons with the terrorist groups. Terrorists are a small number of people â€Å"who act outside the normal boundaries of morality, compassion and humanity†. With a continued nuclear technology growth, the highest possibility stands at there could be a high circulation of nuclear weapons internationally. This has lead to the government yielding to external pressures instilled by the desire to compete with other international states as far as state protection is concerned. As a means of protecting the states interests, nuclear proliferation becomes inevitable since no state like being uncertain of their security. They therefore end up involving the terrorist groups by issuing them with weapons to help in states survival. However, there are instances when terrorist groups get weapons illegally for their own reasons. They purchase them on the grounds of performing terrorist attacks to their rival groups that end up harming innocent people in the fight. Failures that have made it hard to end terrorism The issue of proliferation has remained a mystery for decades now. This has made a thorough approach more difficult to the countries seeking solutions. Its definition of it being a puzzle for many years has made a gap in the definition of its cause and effects hence making every theoretical debate not to arrive at a conclusion (Ogilvie-White 1996, 43). Having politicians at the forefront in perpetrating the phenomenon has contributed to making it difficult to determine how weapon proliferation can be without international processes. The way out is to do a thorough investigation to eliminate these perpetrators so that solutions could be arrived at. Lack of official documentation on the past nuclear proliferation has made it difficult to establish reliable sources of evidence to use against the crimes. This has led to abstractness in every debate that has been done on the same hence resulting to doubts on reliability of the information gathered (Ogilvie-White 1996, 43). Criticism has emerged making it hard to obtain valid information on causes and consequences of weapon proliferation in the international political circle. Some countries are feared to have signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty but may not follow the regulations. This has become one of the huddles facing Non-Proliferation Treaty since such countries cannot expose the terrorist groups existing within their borders. Such failures ensure that terrorism continues under the cover o f the individual government. What the role of the government has been in the failure of Non-Proliferation Treaty The government has contributed highly to having distorted evidence on proliferation through its failure to document any such occurrence as it happen. This has led to lack of reliable sources to serve as evidence in the cases against weapon proliferation. With a high foreign secrecy and small number of weapon proliferation cases, politics has proved to be more influential in the causes of proliferation. Nuclear technology funded by the government has been the force behind the production of the nuclear weapons (Ogilvie-White 1996, 44). The speculation as at now is there could be future spread in

Monday, October 14, 2019

Using named examples Essay Example for Free

Using named examples Essay Using named examples, evaluate the economic and political impacts of disruption to energy supply pathways. (15) An energy pathway is the route or journey energy takes from the source country to the consuming country. It is often seen that economic and political impacts disrupt energy supply pathways. To begin with, some countries in the Middle East are quite often recognised as to having political problems such as dictatorships which leads to the formation of unstable regimes. The relationship between the Middle East and western powers like the USA are often quite severed, This proves to be fatal as such countries are reliant upon energy reserves in the Middle East. Hence matters are quite often stretched further when key players such as OPEC represent countries like Saudia Arabia and Iran in the Middle East, as well as determine oil prices. This may place stress upon the USA who suffers from energy insecurity due to its energy deficit and due to its reliance and need for oil may have to face as well as conform to rises in oil prices. As, it is now believed that the control over energy prices is in the hands of the suppliers due to the combination of a lack of energy reserves for finite resources and huge global demand for natural resources. Additionally unsettled geopolitical relationships between countries can lead to severed political relationships as well as huge economic losses. In 1991, 600 Kuwaiti oil wells were set on fire by Iraqi troops after the first Gulf War. The fires burned for 8 months. Not only did this impact upon the oil production of the country, but caused great economic losses in the economy, as services were also required to put the fire out. Russia an energy surplus is said to be tactical with whom it supplies its natural resources to. The political conflict between Russia and Ukraine during 2006- 2008 saw Russia demanding four times as much the price for its resources, but the failure to do so left Ukrainian gas cut off. Here we are shown an example of how political power can affect the economy. The Arctic is now seen to be a resourceful land, bringing hope for the future and many nations. With 25% of the worlds unexploited oil reserves matching the reserves of Saudi Arabia, it also is the home to many minerals, coal, gas and diamonds. It has transformed from a once barren land, to a land of riches. Meaning competition for territorial demands is seen and acted upon. The world would benefit from commercial wealth, as companies such as Shell if they were permitted to drill out oil in the now sacred land reaping with economic wealth. However, countries outside the Arctic circle like China are showing a greater interest and desire to demand their share of the Arctic. Here we see the growth of both economic and political power lobbying members of the Arctic circle such as Greenland and Denmark to obtain a Permanent Observer Status in the Arctic council. Whilst within the Arctic circle two dominant characters have conflicting views for their own benefit- Russia and the USA, causing tension to rise concerning the future of the Arctic.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Marketing Strategies Of Kingfisher Airlines In India Tourism Essay

Marketing Strategies Of Kingfisher Airlines In India Tourism Essay This report features the marketing strategies of Kingfisher Airlines in India. The report starts with the analysis of internal and external factors that affect the environment around the aviation industry and how they have an impact on Kingfisher Airlines. As the product under consideration is actually a service industry, 7 Ps of the company have been discussed at length. Moving on, the report discusses the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategies used by the company in detail. On the basis of analysis done, recommendations have been given that might help the company in achieving their objectives and serving their target market more efficiently. 2. CompanyBackground According to UB Group.(2010) The united brewery (UB) Group is one of the Indias largest conglomerates, which has annual sales over US$ 400 million with market capitalisation of over US$ 5 billion. The group has assorted interests in Brewing, real estate, Engineering, Bio technology, Information technology and Aviation. Dr. Vijay Mallaya is the chairman of the group. Kingfisher airline is a private airline owned by Dr. Vijay Mallaya. It started operations in May 9, 2005 with fleet of 4 leased airbase A 320 aircrafts. It provides full facilities to its passenger. With its merger with Air Deccan, the airline nowcaters to all the segments of aviation industry from low to premium. 3. The Environment 3.1Macro Environment Political Factors: Government of India ended the monopoly of Air India and Indian airlines by announcing of its open skies policy. Now the private operators are allowed to offer air transport services.Foreign equity up to 25% is allowed.Non Resident Indian(NRI) investments would be allowed up to 100% for domestic passenger transport. In spite of this no foreign airlines could either directly or indirectly hold equity in domestic airline company. The Government gave freedom to operate non-profit, traveller charter and cargo flights to any destinations. Indian citizens are also allowed to travel on these flights. Fuel prices and high fuel taxes are constantly increasing so the cost will ultimately be placed on the passengers.Safety regulations which also effect aviation industry such as regular flight inspection, recording of flight recorder. Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India.(2000) Economic Factors Indian Aviation industry depends on thedevelopment of its internal market. This can be determined by economic growth of more than 7% Print. (2009, August 6). High fuel costs have definitely worsened the Indian aviation industry. Fuel tax which is charged by most of the states in India is 28%. Indian airlines are growing too fast and too big making over capacity a big issue. There are issues which have overwhelmed the various airlines throughout the world such as High fuel cost, declining passenger numbers and cut throat cost wars but all these have limited influence in India. Regardless of low airport infrastructure in India, there are more than 25 international airlines operating from India. Richardson, B. (2010, January 24) Socio-Culture Factors Around two third of the current population of India consists of young people below 35 belonging to service class. The people belonging to this age group have high disposable income and are potential market targets for consumer and luxury goods. Naukri Hub 1.(2009) Also in country like India, family structure is of great importance, there is a hierarchical system in which all the major household decisions are taken by the elders and earning members of the family. Thus while introducing any product, marketers aim for target audience of that product and decision maker of their family simultaneously. Naukri Hub 2.(2009) Technological Factors: Advances in technology will influence the market in various ways. These days there have been many developments in IT systems and internet which is being used for aircraft maintenance. There have been changes in trends like more customers booking the tickets online. Due to the advancement in technology, the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) has been proposed in cargo terminals, which will link all the stake holders for quick transaction and recent information about the cargo. In many national based carrier services the revenue Yield management system would be increasingly used for adaptable tariffs and to make most of the revenue.The introduction of web check-in service has eased the boarding process in flights. Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of India.(2000) 3.2 Micro Environment Company The main goal of kingfisher airline is to provide steady, safe, value based and enjoyable travel experience to all of its passengers Fly Kingfisher 1.(2010). It is the only airline in India which has been awarded with five stars Airline rating by Skytrax. Fly Kingfisher 5.(2010) It has a 19% market share in Indian aviation industry. Customers Customer trend is a fragmentary issue which is required to be considered in order to be successful in the market. Company survives on the basis of fulfilling the customers needs, wants and offer them good benefits to attract more customers. Kingfisher airline fares are standard as compared to jet airways or Air India. They launched kingfisher Red to attract the budget flyers. Supplier Airline needs a consistent supply of fuel, maintenance, food and beverages. Kingfisher airline has a contract with Sky Gourmet for providing catering services, which is a leading airline caterer in India. The Gate group has acquired 74% interest in Sky Gourmet, which will strengthen the capabilities of the company. Gate group is a leader in providing on board services to the organisations which provides services to people on move. So this will ultimately give the benefit to kingfisher airline. Newswire, P.(2010, November 11) Competitor With 19% market share Kingfisher airline faces an intense competition from Jet Airways and Air India which are the two fastest growing airlines in India. Jet Airways and Air India are competing with Kingfisher on premium Executive class of the country with each having market share 26.2% and 17.7% respectively. Director General of Civil Aviation 1,(2010) They provide outstanding services and continuous innovations. Jet airways have acquired Air Sahara, in order to compete strongly in the low cost carrier market. Air Transport World.(2007) Kingfisher airline also competes with other Low cost carriers (LCC) such as Spice Jet, Go Air, Jet Lite, and Indigo Air on short haul routes. These airlines have made record profit by providing cheap tickets to passengers and have captured strong market shares in Indian aviation industry. 4. Organisational Marketing Mix Product/services Kingfisher airline provides three exclusive classes of services to its customers-kingfisher First, kingfisher Class and kingfisher Red. Kingfisher class is highly respected in economy which targets fashionable and ready-to-save middle class passengers. Kingfisher Red is low fare service of kingfisher airlines which mainly targets developing middle class people which are primarily price cognizant. Kingfisher first and kingfisher class both are also available on international journey. Other services included are: Tejas.(2009) Travel insurance in relationship with ICICI Lombard General Insurance. Offer In-flight entertainment to its passengers. Cargo services Lounge and private space Special care facility 3 course Gourmet cuisine Branding Strategies of kingfisher Airlines Kingfisher airlines have adopted Umbrella branding strategy and have broken new ground in the idea of bringing luxury, glamour and lifestyle to the skies. Kingfisher airlines sell the idea of lifestyle through its sensational airhostesses and use red colour, which is the colour of liveliness. They have been trained to provide hospitality in such a way thatgives every passenger a feel like Guest. Kingfisher airlines concept of Flying with Good Times reflects that they are providing a world class services to its Guest. Kingfisher airlines have aggressively advertised itself by becoming channel partner for NDTV Good Times, which is the Indias first lifestyle channel in order to gives its brand a distinct identity. It has also started co branding initiative with American Express corporate card, Airtel, Goa tourism and Malaysian Tourism. It has drafted an agreement with Deepika Padukone ascompanys new brand ambassador. Tejas.(2009) Feedback system Kingfisher airline maintain a proper feedback system and provide the facility of direct email to its chairman if anyone is not satisfied with the services. Company has activated its account on Twitter so that the customer can receive instant updates from Kingfisher airlines; this account has been opened to get feedback from Guests. Campaign India Team.(2009) New Product Development by Kingfisher airlines: Kingfisher airlines offer variety of product developments like: Kingfisher Red launched Frequent Flyer Programme (Little Wings) for young flyers from ages 3 to 12 this would permit young flyer to receive miles when they fly On August, 2010-Kingfisher airlines launched daily direct flights on the Delhi-Ludhiana-Delhi Route.On,1 october,2010-Kingfisher airlines inaugurated services from Bangalore to Mysore. On, 10 october,2010-Kingfisher airlines announced its first SMS-based ticketing service Flybuysms across all mobile networks in collaboration with wireless transactions company Pay Mate. On, 17April, 2010-Kingfisher airlines launch services from Mumbai and New Delhi to Bangkok. They are operating with 22 additional Domestic flights in 2010 for winter schedule from major cities. Kingfisher airlines also provides facility of In- Flight -Entertainment. Fly Kingfisher 2.(2010) Price Kingfisher airline follows differential pricing strategy which is also called dynamic pricing strategy and competes against major airlines in India such as Air India, Jet airways. Newman2, N. (2010). It is a premium airline and charge premium price for its business and economy class and provides high quality of services due to the change in consumers tendency and emerging of new low cost airlines. Kingfisher Red is a low fare section which adopts low fare pricing with full services. The pricing strategy of aviation industry is dynamic and mainly based on the behaviour of crude oil prices, Dollar rates and competition. Fuel prices today accounts for 45 percent of airlines total operating cost. Dr Vijaymallya stated that kingfisher Red is budget airline not a low cost carrier and fares were above those of LCC but lower than the economy class of competitors. ICMR.(2006) Place Kingfisher airline connects all important sectors of business in addition to leisure destinations and provide economical airlines tickets to Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Goa, Chennai, Bangalore and other important cities. It provides services over 80 destinations including Domestic as well as international, more than daily 390 departures with 66 aircraft. Bhasin, H. (2010, June 28) they recently proclaim inaugurate of its domestic operations from Terminal 3 of the Indira Gandhi International Airport, from 14th November 2010, New Delhi. Services from new terminal will provide smooth process and flawless services among all international as well as domestic connections. Fly Kingfisher 3.(2010) Promotions Kingfisher airline use heavy promotion campaign and spends lots of money in promotions; the team of kingfisher airline demonstrated that airline as The New Flying Experience and use both techniques push and pull promotion strategies as follows: Pull Promotion strategy Kingfisher airlines use advertisement hoardings at airports which represents the fashionable interior of the Funliners, andexpress the youthful, joy filled and world-class image. They organize various fashion shows, celebrity golf matches, New Year parties in order to build its kingfisher brand. The UB group publish their monthly magazine which is called Pegasus which provides information regarding kingfisher airlines. Bhasin, H. (2010, June 28) . Push Promotion strategy Kingfisher airline provides special discounts for all individual serving in the India Armed forced the union government, state government, and employees of all public sector units in country. It was the official airline partner of the DLF Indian premier league (IPL) in season 2009. Special discounts in kingfisher hotels mainly for kingfisher airliner traveller. They provides group travel discount for group of 8 or more travelling in kingfisher class or group of 6 or more travelling in kingfisher first class for common purpose. Fly Kingfisher 4.(2010) People Kingfisher airline is service industry which has two kinds of clients: External clients (passengers) and internal customers (employees). Kingfisher airlines uses the word GUEST for its external client, Dr Vijay mallya has clear instruction to his crew that take care of every guest in the same manner as they have guest in his ownhome. Every crew has been provided a thorough training programme so that they can provide the services as per passengers expectations. Bhasin, H. (2010, June 28) Process Customer can book their air ticket either online through kingfisher airlines website or through a Roving agent web check- in. Customer can book ticket at nearest local kingfisher airline office Kingfisher airlines also provides service of home delivery of ticket on demand Fly by SMS service called king mobile was launched in 2005, in order to inform its passengers regarding flight updates, schedule and flight statues through instant mobile alert. Bhasin, H. (2010, June 28) Physical Evidence Kingfisher Airlines provides varieties of unique services to its passenger such as personal valet at the airport in order to help in luggage handling and boarding, Exclusive lounges and private space together with refreshments and music at the airport. In flight Entertainment facility, Passengers have choice of three Gourmet cuisines. Passengers can feel more comfortable with sleeper seats with extendable footrests. It also provides free food in kingfisher Red airline. Yatra Online Private Limited.(2010) C:UserssahilDesktopsegmentation22.jpg C:UserssahilDesktopsegmentation 222.jpg (Refer to appendix 1, Naukri Hub 1.(2009), and Naukri Hub 2.(2009) for segmentation) Customised Marketing Focused Marketing Differentiated Marketing Target Marketing Strategy Undifferentiated Marketing6. Types of Targeting Strategies Targeting Strategy of Kingfisher Airline Kingfisher airline follows Differentiated Targeting Strategy. It mainly targets three types of customers in India on the basis of this provides three Elite classes such as: Kingfisher First: a business class service which mainly concentrates on business class people who are willing to spend for first class services. Kingfisher Class: is highly respected in economy which targets fashionable and ready-to-save middle class passengers. Kingfisher Red: is low fare service of kingfisher airlines which mainly targets developing-middle class people which are primarily price cognizant. Newman1, N. (2010) Kingfisher Red (Budget Flyer) Kingfisher Class (Leisure Traveller) Kingfisher First (Business Traveller) Kingfisher Airline Differentiated strategy 7. Positioning Strategy of Kingfisher In terms of positioning strategy, Kingfisher airline positioned them self premium airline. Dr. Vijay Mallaya has clearly stated that Kingfisher Red will not be positioned as Low cost carrier (LCC), as passengers consider the attributes of a LCC as low quality of services. He believes that people in India pay for quality and services.This budget airline positioning is not a LCC but lower than the economy class of their competitors such as Indian airlines, Jet airways. It also provides the facility of multiple fare option and auction of its tickets on all travel routes. ICMR.(2006), Newman1, N. (2010) Perceptual Maps High Services offered Kingfisher Airline Kingfisher Red Jet airways Air Indigo Air India Price of Ticket High Low Spice jet Go Air Low Low 8. Recommendation Kingfisher airline should improve its performance on important constraint such as punctuality. As per the research conduct by director general of civil aviation (DGCA) kingfisher has highest flight cancellation rate in 2010. Below figures shows the rate: Director General of Civil Aviation 2,2010) I:cancellation.jpg I:reasons of cancellation.jpg Above diagram explains the reason for cancellations. Based on this, it can be deduced that Kingfisher Airlines still lacks in providing world class service as promised by them. Director General of Civil Aviation 2,2010) Kingfisher airlines market share is still low as compared to Jet airways, as per the data revealed by DGCA. It may be due to the higher fare as compared to other low cost carrier such as spice jet, Air indigo, NACIL (I). Director General of Civil Aviation 1,(2010) I:Untitled.jpg Kingfisher airline should think about applying promotional campaign in mass media, in order to inform people more about Kingfisher Red and Kingfisher services. Also they should reconsider their budget flyer strategy as Low Cost Carriers like Spicejet and Indigo are far ahead in terms of market share.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Computer Outsourcing Security Risk :: Globalization Essays Papers

Computer Outsourcing Security Risk Inherent security risks of outsourcing -- what the CIO should know who were previously competitors are partnering in order that they may share risk, preserve capital, and gain market share from other competitors. It seems as though some companies soon will have outsourced so much of their business they will be in danger of becoming a business in name or brand only. While there can be many business benefits to outsourcing business functions and partnering with vendors and others in your business, the downside is always that it brings much added risk to your supporting systems, networks, and business critical applications. The more your network is extended and the more nodes or hosts are added-then all the more intrusion vectors (new and vulnerable risk points) become available for possible exploit and resultant harm to your company. As you connect your networks with various outsourcers, partners, vendors, alliances, and even consortiums you may, and probably will, connect with whom they do. The above connection scenario changes the established trust model from explicit and understood trust to one of transitive implicit trust. This is the "I may trust you but I do not necessarily trust who you trust" scenario. What can make the issue all the more complicated is that the company you outsource critical functions to may outsource some of its critical functions as well, and, you may not realize the potential impact to you until after long-term contracts are signed. Then it may be too late to amend contracts in order to protect your company from potential loss and liability. More connections to your network will bring more intrusion vectors or risks. These risk points must be tightly controlled and monitored at all times. Some companies may have hundreds of network connections, using a variety of communication methods, e.g. Internet, frame relay, leased line, microwave, wireless, satellite, fiber, ad nauseum. With so much variety in your connection types how will you know if a breach (successful or unsuccessful) in your network has o ccurred? How can you know what is happening in your partner's networks, or in the networks of those whom he is connected to? It may likely be through your friendly partner connections that you become open to intrusion, not from a more direct outside intrusion. Watch those trusted host relationships carefully. Are you ready to respond to a breach of your network? Usually, agreements are made and contracts are signed before a project team becomes involved in implementing a connection for a partner or an outsourcing contract.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Eugene O’neill and the the Rebirth of Tragedy a Comparative Survey on Mourning Becomes Electra and Oresteia

Eugene Gladstone O'Neill is one of the greatest American playwrights, he is known for plays such as â€Å"Long Day's Journey into Night† ,†Beyond the Horizon† (1920), â€Å"Anna Christie† (1922), â€Å"Strange Interlude† (1928), â€Å"Mourning Becomes Electra†(1931)and The Iceman Cometh (1946). His plays probe the American Dream, race relations, class conflicts, sexuality, human aspirations and psychoanalysis. He often became immersed in the modernist movements of his time as he primarily sought to create â€Å"modern American drama† that would rival the great works of European modernists such as Ibsen, Strindberg and G. B. Shaw. O’Neill was a great admirer of classical theatre and as a young man he had read Friedrich Nietzsche’s work about the origin of Greek tragedy, in consequence he was very familiar with the subject and the techniques of representation. The ideas of the German critique and philosopher guided his dramatic works, in which he manifested the ability to adapt the defining characteristics of the classical tragedy to a modern script and audience. Thus, it is not surprising that we encounter God Dionysus in â€Å"Lazarus Laughed† (1928) or an adaptation of Oedipus’ character in â€Å"Desire Under the Elms(1924). As for â€Å"Mourning Becomes Electra† (1931), O’Neill explores Greek tragedy, attempting to modernize it. The play is based on Aeschylus’s trilogy The Oresteia (though it is closer to Sophocles’ Electra than to Aeschylus’ plays). In a 1931 letter to drama critic Brooks Atkinson, O’Neill wrote, â€Å"Greek criticism is as remote from us as the art it criticizes. What we need is a definition of Modern and not Classical Tragedy by which to guide our judgments† (Letters 19886: 390). The play (a trilogy made up of three plays) examines a post-Civil War American family. The scene in â€Å"Mourning Becomes Electra† is laid on a carefully chosen setting- a city in New England, immediately after the Civil War. It is remarkable whatsoever that O’Neill set the plot against such a historical background that had been previously chosen for the setting of great American novels by writers such as W. Faulkner or Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is well known that the South was the cradle of American aristocracy, which after the Civil War underwent a severe decay, thus providing a suitable climate for recreating a Greek tragedy. . The plot of the first two parts of the trilogy- Homecoming and the The Hunted closely follows the pattern of the events described in Agamemnon and the The Libation Bearers (Choephoroi): Ezra Mannon (Agamemnon) who ad jus t come back from the war was killed by his wife –Christine (Clitemnestra) with the help of her lover, captain Adam Brant(Aegisthus); further on Lavinia (Electra), the Mannons’ daughter, forces her brother Orin(Oreste) to punish the murder of their father. The Erinnyes[1] take the shape of madness in Orin’s case, as he feels responsible for the death of his mother and he is haunted by the feelings of guilt and remorse. The third part of the trilogy differs at some extent, as Orin kills himself while Oreste is exonerated of his guilt. There are many other details that are different from Aeschylus’ trilogy: for instance, Ezra Mannon didn’t sacrifice Iphigenia before leaving, his death and that of other characters is also different: the sword is replaced by the poison, and the matricide was a suicide caused by the son’s conduct. However, in spite of all these differences, O’Neill largely maintains the plotline of the Greek trilogy. Besides the plot, O’Neill preserves elements of â€Å"Oresteia† such as the use of masks, which enables him to individualize the tragic heroes from that of the anonymous group of the Chorus. All of the Mannons are described as having a very peculiar expression which reminds of a mask, just their eyes seem to have a certain vitality:†Her face is unusual, one is struck at once by the strange impression it gives in repose of being not living flesh but a wonderfully life-like pale mask, in which only the deep-set eyes are alive†(the description of Lavinia, p. 7); these masks that they naturally bear are a mark of their hero-like status which places them above the rest of the community, formed of characters such as servants or neighbors. It is remarkable how O’Neill contrives to preserve the Chorus, which is a fundamental element of the Greek tragedy. Although it is not as dramatic as the tragic Chorus of the classical Greek plays, each and every of the three parts of â€Å"Mourning Becomes Electra† begins with the performance of a chorus formed of different men and women that comment upon the Mannons, the history of their family, revealing to the audience details about the behavior and the character of the heroes. Moreover, the setting chosen by O’Neill is similar to the classical one used by the Greeks. It is known that in Aeschylus’ times a wooden wall was used as a background of the setting, the wall usually stood for a palace or a temple and this exactly the same as in O’Neill’s trilogy, as the greatest part of the action takes place in front of the Mannon’s residence which is described as being an enormous stone mansion that has the aspect of a Greek temple(the temple of god Apollo) â€Å"with a white wooden portico, with six tall columns†[2]. However that was the typical construction for a house that belonged to an American aristocratic family in the XIX century. In â€Å"Mourning Becomes Electra†, O’Neill brought into consonance the fundamental traits of the Greek tragedy and the specific elements of modern theatre, thus creating a modern tragedy that would please the contemporaneous audience. The tragedy of the House of Atreus is relocated in New England, at the end of the Civil War (the action of the play takes place between 1865 -1866), creating in this way an appropriate atmosphere. There are also allusions regarding the Gold Rush (p. 31), the assassinate of President Lincoln (p. 82) or the abolition of slavery (p. 256). Given this historical framework, â€Å"Mourning Becomes Electra† has a series of both thematic an stylistic elements that provide a modern like character, making a tragedy of our times out of it. First of all, one can observe how the puritan environment that surrounds the characters, enables O’Neill to have a modernist approach to the Greek expression of Fate. Quite similar to the Greek tragedies in which there is an obvious interference of the gods in the life of the â€Å"mortals†, or the tragic flaw or the hubris are put on the account of a supernatural force, and the mistakes of the ancestors inflict upon the present, in O’Neill’s work the presence of a power that prevails above all is also encountered. One the one hand, it is the history of the Mannons that triggers the tragedy(Adam Brant comes to revenge his father, who was disinherited), the portraits of the Mannons hanged throughout the house play an important part as they seem to observe and govern the Destiny of their descendants. On the other hand, the characters seem to accept quite naturally the rigor of destiny, for instance, Mrs. Hills, one of the members of the chorus that performs in the beginning of the second part, blames the Destiny for the death of Ezra Mannon, although she also casts a spiritual and divine shadow: â€Å"Maybe it is fate. You remember, Everett, you’ve always said about the Mannons that pride goeth before a fall and that someday God would humble them in their sinful pride†[3]. In between the lines 469-470 of Agamemnon the same matter is dealt with, as the chorus speaks about the danger of receiving too much praise, referring to Agamemnon who victoriously came back to Argos:â€Å"There is peril in the praise; Over-praised that he hears; For the thunder it is hurled from God's eyes†[4]. Mrs. Hills is the wife of Everett Hills, a minister of the North-American Congregational Church, so apparently, Zeus took the shape of a puritan god. It is a god that handles the threads that control the humans (according the Puritan belief in predestination), a god of justice who punishes those who transgress the strict moral code of New England’s puritan society. There are several innuendoes that continuously remind us that we deal with a Puritan milieu: Christine hates the house she lives in because of its â€Å"Puritan grey ugliness†(p. 34), she calls Lavinia â€Å"Puritan maiden†(p. 78) and her hatred towards Ezra Mannon is put on account of his Puritanism which prevents him to fully satisfy his wife in their love relationship. (p. 102). Even though O’Neill inserted the idea of Fate and predestination in his trilogy, this is just the surface layer, a pretext to conceal the real human frailties that are the source of tragic. The tragic flaw or the hubris are in fact of a different nature than that in the classical Greek plays (Fate), it is the hero’s weak and instinctual nature that urges him to commit reprehensible deeds such as murder or incestuous behavior. In his eagerness to adapt the classical legend to the modern times, O’Neill took into account the psychological developments of his time, especially when creating the heroes. One can foresee in his characters the projection of Sigmund Freud’s and Carl Gustav Jung’s theories about the importance of the subconscious, infantile sexuality, and the relationship between parents and children. In Mourning Becomes Electra we can observe a wide range of emotional disorders that trouble the characters in their family relationships: Orin obviously manifests Oedipus’ complex, as the main reason of his revenge (him killing Aegisthus) is not that of making justice, but rather his desire to get rid of his mother’s lover. Subsequently, once the mother is dead, the incestuous feeling develops towards his sister, Lavinia, given her physical resemblance with her mother, Orin displaces the love he once had for his mother to Lavinia. As far as Lavinia is concerned, she clearly suffers of Electra’s complex, as she passionately loves her father and permanently looks up to usurp her mother’s place. The origin of this disorder has its roots in Lavinia’s childhood as she was rejected by her mother ever since she was born. In her pursuit to supervene upon her mother’s position she unconsciously yearns for the love of Adam Brant(who physically resembles her ather, Ezra Mannon). Her feelings for Adam Brant and the hatred that she feels for her mother are in fact the true reasons of her revenge. Lavinia comes to acknowledge this in the end of the play when her subconscious plays her a trick (she calls her fiance, Peter, by the name of Adam) and commits what Norman Berlin calls â€Å"a F reudian slip†[5]. Although O’Neill denied to have had a deep knowledge of the theories that stood at the basis of psychoanalysis[6], it is beyond doubt that these principles surround the entire work, enhancing the characters with peculiar traits and motivations. Thus, it results a classical legend in modern psychological terms that were widely disseminated among the society of the XXth century, in consequence easy to understand for the contemporaneous spectators. Moreover, it is obvious that Mourning Becomes Electra does not have the poetic quality of Oresteia, as O’Neill doesn’t use the verse as a means of expression; although at times the tone might seem solemn and dignified, we deal with a work that is written in colloquial prose, full of phrases and idiomatic expressions appropriate to the social class that the heroes belong to. Even the language of the chorus reflects the speech of the American working class of the time, with their peculiar syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation. Although some representative literary figures wrote theatre in verse[7], the contemporary audience was not much accustomed to attend such a performance. O’Neill does not disappoint his audience in this matter. In conclusion, Eugene O’Neill encompasses in â€Å"Mourning Becomes Electra† all the aspects of modern civilization such as the Puritan environment, psychology and language attached to the distinctive features of Greek tragedy that he preserves from the original: the plotline, the masks, the chorus and the setting that convey an attractive uniqueness, which makes the play to be one of the most popular and praised works of the American literature. If Oresteia enabled Aeschylus to get the first prize of the drama contest held in Athens in 458 A. D. , â€Å"Mourning Becomes Electra† contributed to the awarding of Eugene O’Neill with the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Gender Stereotypes: Definition, Examples and Analysis Essay

â€Å"The sociological imagination allows us to identify the links between our personal lives and the larger social forces of life—to see that what is happening to us immediately is a minute point at which our personal lives and society intersect† (Hughes and Kroehler 2008). Many people ask what are gender roles or have different meanings on what are they, so what are gender roles? Gender roles in society means how we’re expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon out assigned sex (planned parenthood,2017) I know many people who are from other Hispanic countries that move to the United States and slowly change their ways of being, but one thing I never see a change of is gender roles. In my opinion, gender roles are both cultural and personal. The reason I say that is because I myself am Hispanic, and although I myself was born and raised here in the United States and there are still Hispanic roles that I see my family follow. For examp le, in Hispanic tradition traditionally the women are to cook and clean and carry their tradition and learnings to teach their daughters that their duties are to cook and clean as well, men are to work and fix things and they carry that over and teach their sons the same thing that they did growing up. Many people who are from other cultures also believe that women should not work, and they should be cooking or cleaning. People who think this way are taught to think like that since childhood, normally continue into adulthood. Another example of Gender role that I think every culture follows is parents letting their son stay out later, and do more things then they would let their daughter do. Parents typically think that because their son is a male they are more likely to be safer in the streets then a female, but in reality, if you think about it both male and female are at risk of something happening to them at any time throughout their life no matter what gender they are. The biggest gender role that is common in the world is women being empathetic and men being masculine. Many people think that the women are the weaker link, and men are the strong ones. Although it may seem like that, that is not the case. Men just tend to hide and hold in their feelings longer than women. Both men and women are equally empathetic.society have come to the conclusion that men are to be one way and women are to be another way. society has these are ideal gender roles, but all these ideal gender roles affect people in a d ifferent way. From school, and work, and just to being out in public. Gender role has many expectations when it comes to male and female roles which have caused a negative effect on both men and women and just society itself. Gender roles will always be a part of society, and it will always cause a negative effect on this generation and even future generations.

Asessment of children, toddler, pre-school using Gorden’s functional health pattern assessment Essay

Toddlers may come to know that being sick means feeling bad or having to stay in bed, but they have little, if any, understanding of the meaning of health. They depend on their parents for health management. A normal assessment finding for the toddler is being current on their immunizations. Because their immune system is still maturing, a normal assessment finding would be frequent minor upper respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. Their passive immunity to communicable diseases acquired from breast milk has disappeared and active immunity through the initial immunization series is usually completed by 18 months. An abnormal assessment finding is not having been immunized or being behind in their scheduled immunizations. A potential problem for the toddler can occur when their parents don’t model healthy behaviors such as eating a balanced diet. The toddler may end up having nutritional deficiencies or become overweight. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern Toddlers are usually weaned from the breast or bottle before or during toddlerhood. A potential problem with that can be inadequate iron intake since regular cow’s milk is low in iron and can interfere with iron absorption from other food sources. A normal assessment finding in toddlers is a decrease in growth rate and appetite and can becoming picky eaters. A potential problem is nutritional deficiency if the parents offer empty calories from unhealthy snacks just to get them to eat something. Pattern of Elimination A normal assessment finding for the toddler is increased development of voluntary control over their bladder and urinating less frequently. Their average urine volume for the day will be between 500-750 ml. Their emotional and physical readiness for toilet training rarely develops before 18 months of age. A potential problem is frustration for both the parents and toddler if toilet training is attempted before the child is ready. The toddler’s gastrointestinal tract reaches functional maturity and most will develop sufficient voluntary control of the internal and external anal sphincters for bowel control. This usually happens before urinary control. Pattern of Activity and Exercise Toddlers are increasingly becoming more mobile and are able to coordinate their large muscle groups better. The toddler generally does not show complete dominance of one-sided body function and may still switch hands when eating or throwing a ball. They are always busy and will advance from taking their first step to running, climbing stairs, and pedaling a tricycle. Because of their exploratory nature and limited skills they are vulnerable to injury. They will want to play with other children in parallel play. A potential problem is the over use of television to entertain the child. Recent research demonstrates that for every hour they watch television they know 6 to 8 fewer words than toddlers who didn’t. Pattern of Sleep and Rest The toddler’s need for sleep is 12 hours a day which includes 1 or 2 naps. They need to have a bedtime ritual to help them sleep. A potential problem with the active toddler is that they may not be aware of their fatigue and become overtired and unable to relax enough to sleep. The toddler may suffer from night terrors where they don’t awaken completely for several minutes and look terrified. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern The toddler’s receptive language skills outweigh their expressive language ability and they often use gestures until they can find the right words to express themselves. They may become frustrated and will default to using â€Å"no† to gain control and express themselves. The toddler’s play can be repetitive and ritualistic. That is how they learn skills and decrease anxiety. A potential problem with the toddler’s endless energy and curiosity is frustration of the parents or caregiver which may lead to child abuse. Hearing loss is one of the most common conditions at birth and if not detected speech, language, cognitive, and emotional development can be impeded. Self-Perception-Self-Concept Pattern The toddler is ready to develop a sense of self separate from parents. They are delighted in their emerging independence and achievements. Their task of exerting autonomy means they have to give up their dependence on others that was enjoyed in infancy. If they continue to be dependent, they may get a sense of doubt about their ability to take control of their actions. To develop a sense of autonomy they must explore the physical world and the interpersonal aspects of relationships. A potential problem is their safety as they investigate their environment and they are susceptible to accidents. Temper tantrums are a response to frustration when the toddler’s need for autonomy conflicts with parental expectations, safety limits, or the rights of other people. This can result in child abuse from the parent who is not equipped to deal with it. Roles-Relationships Patterns The toddler understands his parents and siblings’ roles in terms of how their roles relate to him. Their most important relationships are their family. The desire to be like or have what a sibling does can lead to sibling rivalry. If a new baby comes along and gets too much attention and becomes a nuisance, they may revert to infantile behaviors such as wanting to be fed or dressed and losing their toilet skills. The toddler’s behavior can be trying for the parents and abuse can occur. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern The toilet training process may precipitate curiosity about the genital area. The parents might name the parts a cute name rather than the correct anatomical terms. This can create problems of learning about sexuality and communicating effectively if sexually abused. Coping-Stress Tolerance Pattern Temperament is the style of behaviors that a child uses to cope with demands and expectations of the environment. The three common temperament patterns are the easy child, the difficult child, and the slow to warm up child. The difficult child is less adaptable, more intense and active, and has more negative attitudes which can be distressing and frustrating to parents and caregivers and make them feel inadequate in their roles because they don’t know how to deal with them. Toddlers often imitate their parent’s methods of dealing with stress. This can be a problem if the behavior modeled is inappropriate and counter-productive. Values-Beliefs Pattern Toddlers believe rules are absolute and behave out of fear of punishment. Most of their developing values and beliefs depend on their interactions with their parents. Parents often attend to the toddler only when they are misbehaving and leaving them alone when they are good. This is a potential problem because the toddler’s negative behavior is reinforced because they only get attention when misbehaving. Preschooler Pattern of Health Perception and Health Promotion By age 4 or 5 the preschooler begins to understand that they play a role in their own health. They may become upset over minor injuries and they may view pain or illness as a punishment. They contribute to their own health management by brushing their teeth, taking medication, and wearing appropriate clothes for the weather. Since the immune system is not fully developed they will continue get contagious illnesses. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern A normal assessment finding for the preschooler’s food consumption is that about half of their diet consists of carbohydrates and the other half consists of protein 5% and fat 30-40%. They will develop food preferences because of their increased ability to react to the taste and textures of food and their realization that expressing an opinion about food is a way to have control. If offered too many sweets and processed foods along with little physical activity it can lead to obesity and diabetes. Conflict can arise when the preschooler and families have extreme differences over food preferences. Pain from dental caries, infection, and poorly cared for teeth affects the appetite and chewing ability that impacts their nutritional status. Children from low income households are mostly affected. The prevalence of food allergies in children that develop before the age of two in the United States is increasing. Elimination Pattern Older preschoolers are capable of and responsible for independent toileting. By the end of preschool their daily urine amounts total from 650 to 1000 ml. Children achieve full voluntary bowel control. Acquired lactose deficiency often appears and is more common in Black, Asian American, and Native American children. Activity-Exercise Pattern Play continues to be the primary activity for preschoolers and they demonstrate increased coordination and confidence with motor activities. They play simple interactive games and dress themselves. The preschooler can regulate body activity better than toddlers. Many preschoolers spend a lot of time watching television. Sometimes parents may use the television to entertain the child and a significant amount of the shows focus on adult themes and violence. Many experts agree that television disengages the child’s mind and supports less learning. Watching too much television can mean missed opportunities for interacting with other children. Sleep-Rest Pattern Most preschoolers sleep from 8 to 12 hours a night and for older children a nap may not be needed. They usually need a bedtime ritual to move from playing and being with others to being alone and falling asleep. They prolong bedtime routines more often than the toddler. They challenge the parents with their resistance to bedtime and learn to use behaviors that meet their needs and control the family and cause disruption. The preschooler can experience night terrors and nightmares. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern Many children are starting formalized education during their preschool years. Their facility with language resembles that of an adult. The preschooler’s vision continues to undergo refinement and by age 6 the child should approach 20/20 visual acuity level. Depth perception and color vision become fully established. The child may develop myopic vision which will require glasses. Hearing develops to the level of an adult’s. The hearing ability can be hindered by recurrent ear infections and may cause language delays. Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept The preschooler is developing a mastery of self as an independent person, with a willingness to extend experiences beyond those of the family. Social acceptance helps them feel successful in their role as a child, sibling, and friend. They investigate roles through imagination. When they perceive their value in the world they demonstrate improved mental and physical health. Preschoolers remain sensitive to criticism and when ridiculed for ideas or behavior they may develop feelings of guilt and inadequacy. Role-Relationship Pattern They use play to explore while experimenting with who they are, who they might become, and how they relate to others socially. The drama of play allows them to view themselves from another perspective. Peers are becoming more significant. Ideas about gender differences in work roles and other activities are based on models in the home, at child care or preschool centers, and on television. Preschoolers use play to experiment with new roles and to understand others’ roles better. Younger children may admire and imitate an older sibling which can be a source of irritation and frustration for them. Divorce commonly creates disruption in the family and may cause regression, confusion, and irritability in the preschooler. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern Preschoolers know that there are two genders and identify with their own gender. They see representations of both genders in role models and on television to interpret and they can define their own roles. They are curious about the bodies and sexual function of others. When they are teased about this interest or it is implied that sexual information is unacceptable or naughty it will promote negative self-esteem. Being a victim of sexual abuse will cause many emotional problems. Pattern of Coping and Stress Tolerance Play is an important strategy for the preschooler to use to reduce stress. They are able to verbalize their frustration and show more patience in dealing with difficulties. They also use the coping mechanisms of separation anxiety, regression, fantasy, denial, repression, and projection. Sometimes projection can lead a parent to consider the child as dishonest when they blame somebody or something else for something they did. Temper tantrums normally disappear as a response to stress in the older preschooler. Temper tantrums that persist through the fifth year indicate a lack of matured coping responses. Pattern of Value and Beliefs Preschoolers lack fully developed consciences. At the age of 4 or 5 years old they do demonstrate some internal control of their actions. Preschoolers control their behavior to retain their parent’s love and approval. Moral actions are demonstrated in simple activities such as standing in line. Life and death fascinates the preschooler. Because of their limited emotional experience with death they may become upset with the idea of dying, assuming that when someone becomes angry and wishes them dead that they will cease to exist. Children who lose a loved one can have sleep disturbances and other behavioral changes as part of the grieving process. School-Aged Child Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management Most children are relatively health during this time. They learn to accept personal responsibility and participate in self-care such as personal hygiene, nutrition, physical activity, sleep, and safety. Due to a child’s cultural obligation to obey authority figures, children can become passive health care consumers, asking few questions, doing as they are told, and perpetuating poor choices. Some school-aged children may choose unhealthy behaviors such as smoking or illicit drugs. Leukemia is the most common form of childhood cancer. Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern School-age children often eat foods low in iron, calcium, and vitamin C, and foods that have higher fat and sodium content than their parents did at their age. There is a discrepancy between current dietary intake and recommended dietary intake of these children placing them at risk for poor nutritional habits, iron deficiency, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. A child’s nutritional pattern usually reflects their family patterns. This could be a problem when a child doesn’t want to eat breakfast because their parents don’t. Pattern of Elimination Most children will have full bowel and bladder control by age 5. Their elimination patterns are similar to an adult’s, urinating 6 to 8 times a day and 1 or 2 bowel movements a day. Children with primary enuresis have never achieved bladder control. Some may have nocturnal enuresis. This can cause disruption in the family and self-esteem issues and have profound effects socially, emotionally, and behaviorally. Children with encopresis face similar issues. Pattern of Activity and Exercise The school-age child is generally naturally active. Those children who don’t live in a safe neighborhood or don’t have a parent who exercises are less likely to exercise themselves. The school aged child has the potential to perform more complex fine motor and gross motor functions. Physically active boys are slightly stronger than girls. Many children get their exercise through group activities and organized sports. Concerns exist that children have had too much physical and psychological pressure to perform in sports. Children can also get injured from playing in sports. Pattern of Sleep and Rest Most school-age children have no problems with sleeping and their requirements of sleep are similar to an adult’s. They sleep 8 to 12 hours a night without naps during the day. The most common sleep problems are night terrors, sleepwalking, sleep talking, and enuresis. Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern The school-aged child’s vision should reach optimal function by age 6 or 7 years of age. Peripheral vision and the ability to discriminate fine color distinctions should be fully developed. They should have a visual acuity in each eye of at least 20/30. Many children need glasses to prevent academic difficulties, headaches and dizziness when reading or doing close work. Many children may have myopia or astigmatism. The child’s hearing ability is nearly complete by the age of 7 years. Chronic serous otitis media is the common cause of hearing deficits. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood. Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept The school-age child’s concept of the body and its functions is changing. Changes or differences in their body may frighten the school-age child if they don’t understand their normal developmental process. Physical differences can provoke ridicule and isolation. Children with chronic illness worry that their peer relationships will suffer if they know about their illness. Role-Relationship Pattern Parents and caregivers serve as authority figures that establish rules needed for the functioning of the family and the safety of the child. The school-aged child’s increasing independence and responsibility begin to reduce the amount of parental authority and structure needed. They prioritize school and peer group relationships. They broaden their interests outside the home. Some may become involved in gangs or behavior that is stressful for both them and their family. Relationships between children and adults are not always positive and sexual abuse has become a more common but hidden problem. Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern The child enters the school-age years identifying with the parent of the same sex and continues to learn the concepts and behavior of the gender role. This is a significant challenge, especially for homosexual children. Stereotypes continue to influence the child’s ideas of male and female roles. When physical changes of puberty have begun, concern and curiosity about sexual issues grow. A lot of parents are uncomfortable or unsure of what sexual information to give to their children. Pattern of Coping and Stress Tolerance A threat to the child’s security causes feelings of helplessness and anxiety that may affect their ability to function successfully. Grief over the death of a loved one, divorce, or loss of acceptance from a peer group may cause behavior problems. The family environment provides a sense of security that allows the school-age child to cope with stress. In uncontrollable situations children may become depressed or somaticize. Pattern of Value and Beliefs Cultural, religious, and parental values influence a child’s moral development, concept of right and wrong, and consequences of not demonstrating moral behavior. Some moral behavior problems are common during school-age years such as lying, stealing, or cheating. These actions can be very upsetting for the parents. Compare and contrast identified similarities as well as differences in expected assessment across the childhood age groups. Mostly similarities were found within all three age groups for the Gordon’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment categories. All of them looked to their parents as role models and for guidance in every category and could either be positively or negatively influenced by them. By example from their parents or by what they are offered to eat from them, they could either learn to be healthy eaters or end up with nutritional deficiencies, obese, or have health problems. All three age groups learn from their parents how to cope with stress and look to them for comfort. They are all affected by their parents and their culture. The three age groups are each exploring themselves regarding their roles and relationships in life and their sexuality. They are all susceptible to the negative influences of the television. They all need a structured bedtime and adequate sleep. All of them showed an increased desire for and sense of independence. As they each grow older they are able to express themselves and communicate better. The biggest difference was that the toddler and preschooler get more contagious illnesses than the school-age child. Summarize how a nurse would handle physical assessments, examinations, education, and communication differently with children versus adults. Consider spirituality and cultural differences in your answer To assess a child’s growth, the nurse uses the CDC growth chart to compare the child’s weight to national averages of which there are ethnic differences. The assessment and examination of the child is different than that of an adult. The head to toe sequence for adults is varied in children according to their response and developmental level. The nurse uses play techniques and the child is allowed to play with the instruments. The child may need to sit on the parent’s lap during the exam. Education and communication is different towards children. The child’s health perception and management is greatly influenced by the parent and their culture so the nurse has to work in partnership with the parent. Most of the history is obtained from the parent although an older child may be able to provide some of their own history. Because the child may not be able to say what hurts or articulate their fears and needs, the nurse needs to be able to interpret behaviors and reactions and be intuitive and reassuring to both the child and parents. The nurse needs to identify and overcome any barriers to understanding the child and parents whether because of language, culture, or stage of development (Nursing and Midwife Council [NMC], 2008). Reference Nursing and Midwife Council (2008). Advice for nurses working with children and young people. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from www. nmc-uk. org/nurses-and-midwives/advice-by-topic/a/advice/advice-on-working-with-children-and-young-people/